Pollen Analysis and Its Bearing upon American Prehistory: A Critique

1939 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren C. Eiseley
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Effective Medium ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Marsh Vegetation

Extending over a wide area in northern and central Europe great beds of peat cover stretches of moor and occupy valleys and depressions where sluggish drainage has favored the growth of marsh vegetation. More than any other soil type they are entirely dependent in substance on the vegetation which they support. Thus they are peculiarly reflective of changes of a climatic nature, and this, combined with the preservative effects of bog acid, both upon pollens and artifacts, has made them a peculiarly effective medium for investigation. While most thoroughly studied in Europe, peats occur in both the northern and southern hemisphere wherever conditions permit. Typically and most extensively however, they are a circumpolar phenomenon closely attendant upon glaciation.

Do the relationships between testate amoebae and fungi reflect the variability of past water table fluctuations in the ombrotrophic peatlands of Central Europe?

The Holocene ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1186-1195
Author(s):  
Piotr Kołaczek ◽  
Monika Karpińska-Kołaczek ◽  
Mariusz Gałka ◽  
Grażyna Miotk-Szpiganowicz ◽  
Milena Obremska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Testate Amoebae ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Testate Amoeba ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Climate Events

In this article, we examined the indicative value of a relationship between two non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs), fungal HdV-10, related to the presence of Calluna vulgaris, and HdV-31A, which is testate amoeba – Archerella flavum. Both are frequently present on slides designated for pollen analysis, prepared from Sphagnum peat. We analysed three profiles from three extensive ombrotrophic peatlands in northern Poland, in which the content of testate amoebae (TA) was examined and TA-inferred depth to the water table (DWT) was reconstructed. The new analysis of palynological samples regarding NPPs revealed that strong increases in HdV-10 content were mostly simultaneous to HdV-31A declines. However, the relations between both types were not statistically significant. The rapid increases in HdV-10, despite the fact that this type of conidiospores is related to drier habitats on peatlands, were tentatively interpreted as an indicator of rapid rises in the water table level which, in consequence, might have stimulated the production of these spores by fungi. In addition, a negative correlation between HdV-31A and Arcella discoides and positive one, but weaker, in case of HdV-10 (attributed by some authors to species Trichocladium opacum (Corda) S Hughes) and A. discoides show a link between mutual fluctuations of both NPPs and hydrological instabilities on peatland. The Bagno Kusowo bog, the westernmost peatland subjected to the study, displayed an intriguing agreement between the presence of peat sections with strong increases in HdV-10 and cold climate events affecting Europe. Our study reveals that counting even a limited number of NPP types during the standard pollen analysis of Sphagnum peat may support the interpretation of results, especially, in cases when the investigation lacks testate amoeba analysis. When the reconstruction of TA-inferred DWT is provided, it may introduce additional information about the patterns of hydrological dynamics.

scholarly journals Soil organic matter of Chernozem in the part of Central Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
Vítězslav Vlček ◽  
Martin Brtnický ◽  
Jiřina Foukalová
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
The Czech Republic

In this study, we have tried to evaluate the current contents of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) in the Soil Type Chernozem for Central Europe and to determine the site specific level for the Czech Republic. In the past, the observed effect of SOM on the Agronomic characteristics in particular yields. Nowadays it means a very important influence on the Environment, particularly in the terms of ecological functions of soil (the influence of the filter function, sanitation function, protection against degradation etc.). The statistical analysis included data for all the Chernozems (N = 141) regardless of subtype derived from measurements from 2003 to 2006. Measurements were carried out at selected locations in the Czech Republic.Profiles at each site were divided into topsoil and subsoil and these were separately statistically processed. When evaluating the frequency distribution, we suppose that the anthropic un-affected Soils would be approximately equal to distribution Gauss normal distribution, and both frequency distribution (in topsoil and subsoil) will be similar (mollic horizon in this Soil Type on non-eroded land is relatively deep and homogeneous).Next from of the observed properties is relation between Content of Soil organic Matter and the texture, namely the content of particles smaller than 0.01 mm. The average SOM content is higher in clayey soil, clay-loam soil than in sandy soil. Differences between soil sandy-loam and clayey-loam are statistically significant. The paper also outlined the possible future development of SOM on Chernozem soils.

scholarly journals Vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an cromer-zeitlichen Ablagerungen im nördlichen Randgebiet der deutschen Mittelgebirge.

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-235
Author(s):  
Eberhard Grüger
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Vegetation History ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
Local Influence ◽  
Azolla Filiculoides ◽  
Vegetation Development ◽  
Rock Fragments

Abstract. The biostratigraphic classification of the Pleistocene in northwestern and central Europe is still unsufficiently known, in spite of numerous geological and vegetation-history investigations. The question is not even clear, for example, how often a warm-period vegetation with thermophilous trees such as Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia, Carpinus etc. could develop here. In past years, on the basis of several geological and vegetation-history findings, suspicion has often been expressed that some of the classical stages of the Pleistocene could include more warm periods than heretofore assumed, and as a result of recent investigations the period between the Waal and Holstein interglacials seems to include at least two warm periods, of which the Cromer is one. This paper contributes to this problem. The interglacial sediments coming from the Elm-Mountains near Brunswick and from the Osterholz near Elze — both within the limits of the German Mittelgebirge — were investigated by pollen analysis. In both cases a Pinus-Betula zone and a QM zone were found. The vegetation development of the Pinus-Betula zone is characterized in both sequences by the early appearence of Picea. Because of strong local influence at the Osterholz a detailed correlation is difficult. However, vegetation development at the time of the QM zone at both sites was similar; it is especially characterized by the facts that Ulmus clearly migrated to the site earlier than Quercus and was very abundant throughout this time. Furthermore, both diagrams show very low amounts of Corylus. The interglacial from the Osterholz shows in addition to the above, a Carpinus-QM-Picea-zone in which Eucommia reaches a relative high value and in the upper part of which Azolla filiculoides was also found. The similarity of vegetation development justifies acceptance of the same age for the occurences. A comparison of the vegetation development at the Elm and the Osterholz with those of the Eem, Holstein, Waal, and Tegelen warm periods as well as with all the Cromer sites so far investigated shows that only a correlation with the Cromer Complex is possible. This correlation is supported by the geologic relations in the Osterholz (the deposit is overlain by Elster till). Therefore the till-like material with Scandinavien rock fragments underlying the deposit at Elm is of particular interest. The "Rhume" interglacial beds at Bilshausen, only 60 km south of Osterholz, is also assigned to the Cromer complex, but the two deposits cannot be of the same age because the vegetation development differs. Therefore the Cromer complex must include at least two warm periods. Further conclusions about the relative stratigrapnic position of these two occurences and correlations of other Cromer sites are at this time not possible, however.

Southern Hemisphere Seti Survey: Five Years of Project Meta II

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 611-621
Author(s):  
Guillermo A. Lemarchand ◽  
Fernando R. Colomb ◽  
E. Eduardo Hurrell ◽  
Juan Carlos Olalde
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Scattering Theory ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Sky Survey ◽  
Inertial Frames ◽  
Interstellar Scattering ◽  
Extraterrestrial Origin ◽  
Spectral Channels

AbstractProject META II, a full sky survey for artificial narrow-band signals, has been conducted from one of the two 30-m radiotelescopes of the Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía (IAR). The search was performed near the 1420 Mhz line of neutral hydrogen, using a 8.4 million channels Fourier spectrometer of 0.05 Hz resolution and 400 kHz instantaneous bandwidth. The observing frequency was corrected both for motions with respect to three astronomical inertial frames, and for the effect of Earths rotation, which provides a characteristic changing signature for narrow-band signals of extraterrestrial origin. Among the 2 × 1013spectral channels analyzed, 29 extra-statistical narrow-band events were found, exceeding the average threshold of 1.7 × 10−23Wm−2. The strongest signals that survive culling for terrestrial interference lie in or near the galactic plane. A description of the project META II observing scheme and results is made as well as the possible interpretation of the results using the Cordes-Lazio-Sagan model based in interstellar scattering theory.

Alpha-Effect, Current and Kinetic Helicities for Magnetically Driven Turbulence, and Solar Dynamo

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 387-388
Author(s):  
Gaetano Belvedere ◽  
V. V. Pipin ◽  
G. Rüdiger
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Convection Zone ◽  
Solar Surface ◽  
Momentum Transport ◽  
Angular Momentum Transport ◽  
Magnetic Buoyancy ◽  
Alpha Effect ◽  
Current Helicity

Extended AbstractRecent numerical simulations lead to the result that turbulence is much more magnetically driven than believed. In particular the role ofmagnetic buoyancyappears quite important for the generation ofα-effect and angular momentum transport (Brandenburg & Schmitt 1998). We present results obtained for a turbulence field driven by a (given) Lorentz force in a non-stratified but rotating convection zone. The main result confirms the numerical findings of Brandenburg & Schmitt that in the northern hemisphere theα-effect and the kinetic helicityℋkin= 〈u′ · rotu′〉 are positive (and negative in the northern hemisphere), this being just opposite to what occurs for the current helicityℋcurr= 〈j′ ·B′〉, which is negative in the northern hemisphere (and positive in the southern hemisphere). There has been an increasing number of papers presenting observations of current helicity at the solar surface, all showing that it isnegativein the northern hemisphere and positive in the southern hemisphere (see Rüdigeret al. 2000, also for a review).

The Hemispheric Sign Rule of Current Helicity during the Rising Phase of Cycle 23

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 303-306
Author(s):  
S. D. Bao ◽  
G. X. Ai ◽  
H. Q. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Hemispheric Preference ◽  
Current Helicity

AbstractWe compute the signs of two different current helicity parameters (i.e., αbestandHc) for 87 active regions during the rise of cycle 23. The results indicate that 59% of the active regions in the northern hemisphere have negative αbestand 65% in the southern hemisphere have positive. This is consistent with that of the cycle 22. However, the helicity parameterHcshows a weaker opposite hemispheric preference in the new solar cycle. Possible reasons are discussed.

Measurements of the Cape Astrometric Survey of the Southern Hemisphere

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 515-521
Author(s):  
W. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Automatic Measuring ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Final Selection ◽  
Selection Of

SummaryA routine has been developed for the processing of the 5820 plates of the survey. The plates are measured on the automatic measuring machine, GALAXY, and the measures are subsequently processed by computer, to edit and then refer them to the SAO catalogue. A start has been made on measuring the plates, but the final selection of stars to be made is still a matter for discussion.

A Search for β Cephei Stars in the Southern Hemisphere - Results

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 474-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jerzykiewicz ◽  
C. Sterken
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
B Stars ◽  
Search Program

In 1975 we started a photometric search program of examining for variability- the bright early B stars located south of -20° declination. The main purpose we had in mind was to look for hitherto undiscovered 6 Cephei variables. Therefore, we limited our program to objects spectroscopically similar to the B Cephei stars.

RSCVn Stars in the Southern Hemisphere

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 371-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Hearnshaw
Keyword(s):  
Light Curve ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Orbital Period ◽  
Binary Stars ◽  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Light Variation ◽  
Orbital Phase

RSCVn stars are fully detached binary stars which show intrinsic small amplitude (up to 0.3 amplitude peak-to-peak) light variations, as well as, in most of the known cases, eclipses. The spectra are F to G, IV to V for the hotter component and usually KOIV for the cooler. They are also characterised by abnormally strong H and K emission from the cooler star, or, occasionally, from both components. The orbital and light curve periods are in the range 1 day to 2 weeks. An interesting feature is the migration of the light variations to earlier orbital phase, as the light variation period is shorter than the orbital period by a few parts in 10+4to a few parts in 10+3.

Algorithms for automated montage synthesis of images from laser-scanning confocal microscopes

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 650-651
Author(s):  
D. E. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Computational Synthesis ◽  
Automated Cell Counting ◽  
Partial View ◽  
The Individual

An efficient, robust, and widely-applicable technique is presented for computational synthesis of high-resolution, wide-area images of a specimen from a series of overlapping partial views. This technique can also be used to combine the results of various forms of image analysis, such as segmentation, automated cell counting, deblurring, and neuron tracing, to generate representations that are equivalent to processing the large wide-area image, rather than the individual partial views. This can be a first step towards quantitation of the higher-level tissue architecture. The computational approach overcomes mechanical limitations, such as hysterisis and backlash, of microscope stages. It also automates a procedure that is currently done manually. One application is the high-resolution visualization and/or quantitation of large batches of specimens that are much wider than the field of view of the microscope.The automated montage synthesis begins by computing a concise set of landmark points for each partial view. The type of landmarks used can vary greatly depending on the images of interest. In many cases, image analysis performed on each data set can provide useful landmarks. Even when no such “natural” landmarks are available, image processing can often provide useful landmarks.

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