Was Roman Art of the First Centuries B.C. and A.D. classicizing?

1958 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Gisela M. A. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Roman Art ◽  
Classical Style ◽  
The Many

As our knowledge and understanding of ancient art increase it is possible to discard old theories that impede the proper appreciation of a certain period. I should like to place in this category of outworn creeds what is commonly called the classicizing or neo-classical art of the first centuries B.C. and A.D., as well as later. It has been thought that during that time there was a reaction from the baroque taste of the late Hellenistic period and a return to the quieter, serener spirit of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.; and that this is indicated both by the many famous works of the classical epoch that were copied and recopied in the late Republican and early Imperial periods and by the sculptures in that general style that were created at that time. Pasiteles and his school have been credited with being pioneers in this neo-classical style.

scholarly journals The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 487
Author(s):  
Yigal Levin
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Persian Period ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Early Judaism ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many

For several hundred years, from the late Iron Age to the end of the 2nd century BCE, the southern neighbor of Judea was “Idumea”, populated by descendants of Edomites, together with Qedarite and other Arabs and a mix of additional ethnicities. This paper examines the known data on the identity, especially religious identity, of these Idumeans, using a wide range of written sources and archaeological data. Within the Bible, “Edom” is presented as Israel’s twin and its harshest enemy, but there are hints that the Edomites worshipped the God of Israel. While the origins of the “Edomite deity” Qaus remain obscure, as does the process of their migration into southern Judah, the many inscriptions from the Persian period show that Qaus became the most widely worshipped deity in the area, even if other gods, including Yahweh, were also recognized. The Hellenistic period brought heightened Greek and Phoenician influence, but also the stabilization of “Idumea” as an administrative/ethnic unit. Some of the practices of this period, such as male circumcision, show an affinity to the Judaism of the time. This paper also discusses the outcome of the Hasmonean conquest of Idumea and the incorporation of its inhabitants into the Jewish nation.

Research Tools

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-22
Author(s):  
Philip C. Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
General Readership ◽  
Reliable Knowledge ◽  
The Many ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Academic Study ◽  
Research Tools

The academic study of the Phoenicians and their civilization began relatively recently, but has quickly generated a large bibliography of important studies. One of the difficulties that learners face is that the historical study of Phoenician civilization must draw on a large number of sources from several different fields of research, not all of which are in regular communication with each other or are widely known to the general readership. This chapter provides an introduction to and a sample of the many sources available to specialists and nonspecialists seeking reliable knowledge about Phoenician civilization from the Iron Age to the Hellenistic period. Terminology is introduced, beginning with designations of the land known as Canaan. Greek testimonies to Phoenician history are next presented, especially the figure Sanchuniathon discussed by Porphyry and Josephus. Phoenician alphabetic texts—that is, epigraphic sources—are discussed for their limited potential as historical sources, with ample bibliographic citations to guide the researcher.

Medical Sects

2018 ◽  
pp. 358-380
Author(s):  
Fabio Stok
Keyword(s):  
Exceptional Case ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Written Communication ◽  
The Many ◽  
Anatomical Research ◽  
Formation Of Groups

The chapter treats the three chief medical sects, or schools, of the Hellenistic period, the schools founded by Herophilus, and by Erasistratus, and the Empiricists. The anatomical research of Herophilus and Erasistratus remained an exceptional case throughout antiquity because of the use they made of dissection. The Library fostered the growing production and circulation of books and conferred importance to written communication. That, plus the debates and controversies aroused by the many scientists and practitioners in the same city, promoted the formation of groups of physicians and students, united by a doctrine and by confidence in a teacher. Herophilus and Erasistratus opened schools in their homes, and Philinus, a defector from the Herophilus’ school, founded the Empiricist sect.

scholarly journals A Late Composition Dedicated to Nergal

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-213
Author(s):  
Ludovica Cecilia
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Literary Production ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Vernacular Language ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Ancient Mesopotamia ◽  
The Many

Abstract This article treats a composition that was probably dedicated to Nergal, a god with a long cultic tradition in ancient Mesopotamia who was mainly related to war and death. The text was first edited by Böhl (1949; 1953: 207–216, 496–497), followed by Ebeling (1953: 116–117). Later, Seux (1976: 85–88) and Foster (2005: 708–709) translated and commented upon it. I will present a new reading of the invocation on the tablet’s upper edge, which confirms that the tablet originated in Uruk during the Hellenistic period. Furthermore, I will discuss the many Neo-Babylonian and Late Babylonian grammatical elements of this composition. The high frequency of these elements, typical of the vernacular language, is unusual for a literary text and suggests that not only the tablet, but also the composition of the text stems from the first millennium BCE, and perhaps, just like the tablet, from Hellenistic Uruk. The purpose of this contribution is, therefore, to show through an analysis of this text, that the conservative and poetic literary language was reworked and adapted to the cultural situation of the late period in Mesopotamian literary production.

The Origin of Verism in Roman Portraits

1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela M. A. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Recent Theory ◽  
Roman Art ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physical Defects ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Greek Art ◽  
The Many

Was the verism of Roman Republican portraits due to Italic, Etruscan, Roman, Egyptian, or Greek influence? This question has been much discussed, especially of late. Of particular interest is the recent theory that late Egyptian portraits played a decisive part. In this article I want first to discuss the evidence for the various influences that have been considered potent in the creation of Roman verism, and then try from this evidence to deduce which factor, or which factors, were the most potent. I shall examine in particular the Egyptian and the Greek theories, for in these fields I may perhaps have something new to say, whereas the Italian side has been thoroughly explored.The question at issue is an important one; for, as Schweitzer has said, the birth of Republican Roman portraiture was as momentous a happening in the history of art as was the birth of individualistic representation in Greek art. The many different views that have been held regarding the origin testify to the complexity of the question. If a convincing solution could be obtained, it would clarify, I think, our whole understanding of that great phenomenon—the origin of Roman art.First I must define the word ‘verism’, which has only comparatively recently entered our archaeological vocabulary. Verism I take to mean a somewhat dry realism, a realism which shows the person portrayed as he really is, without idealizing tendencies, with wrinkles and warts and other physical defects, and also, what is more important, with an expression not of a philosopher or poet or visionary, but of what might be called a man of affairs.

Sidi Khrebish 1971–2: The Pottery

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 11-12
Author(s):  
P. M. Kenrick
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Type Series ◽  
Full Publication ◽  
Valuable Addition ◽  
The Many

The pottery so far examined is of great interest, and a full publication of the many sealed groups will undoubtedly form a valuable addition to our knowledge of the Hellenistic and Roman wares of the whole Mediterranean basin. Though little material classifiable as fine wares has yet been recovered belonging to the fourth century A.D. and later, in all other periods the most marked characteristic of the fine wares is their tremendous variety, and the fact that both eastern and western products are represented in comparable quantities. In the Hellenistic period, both Italian and Greek black-glazed wares are found, the latter slightly predominating, as well as a flourishing local industry producing similar shapes in a rather coarser fabric; Megarian bowls are present in limited quantity, principally in an orange micaceous fabric with a glossy slip of varying colour, but at least four other fabrics have been identified, one of them Athenian. The Eastern Sigillata wares A and B both occur in equal quantity, and Çandarli ware is also found; Arretine and its related Italian wares were imported in great quantities, and a certain amount of south and central Gaulish samian regularly occurs, but it is never common. Another red-gloss ware that is notable for its regular presence on this site and for the variety of its forms is that tentatively identified by Dr J. W. Hayes as Cypriot Sigillata: the type series for this ware at Sidi Khrebish will extend considerably that published by Hayes (Report of the Dept. of Antiquities of Cyprus, 1967), and will add many forms that are common to the repertoire of the early Roman Sigillata wares as a whole.

The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
English Edition ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
City States ◽  
The Many ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

This comprehensive introduction to the ancient Greek economy revolutionizes our understanding of the subject and its possibilities. The book combines a thorough knowledge of ancient sources with innovative new approaches grounded in recent economic historiography to provide a detailed picture of the Greek economy between the last century of the Archaic Age and the closing of the Hellenistic period. Focusing on the city-state, which the author sees as the most important economic institution in the Greek world, the book addresses all of the city-states rather than only Athens. An expanded and updated English edition of an acclaimed work originally published in French, the book offers a ground-breaking new theoretical framework for studying the economy of ancient Greece; presents a masterful survey and analysis of the most important economic institutions, resources, and other factors; and addresses some major historiographical debates. Among the many topics covered are climate, demography, transportation, agricultural production, market institutions, money and credit, taxes, exchange, long-distance trade, and economic growth. The result is an unparalleled demonstration that, unlike just a generation ago, it is possible today to study the ancient Greek economy as an economy and not merely as a secondary aspect of social or political history. This is essential reading for students, historians of antiquity, and economic historians of all periods.

Human Figures

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Gannon
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Gold Coin ◽  
Roman Art ◽  
The Many ◽  
Power Of God

Many reverses of the Intermediate and Secondary phases have human figures either singly or in pairs, sitting or standing, and with a variety of attributes. Among the many figures representing Virtues in Roman art and coinage, that of Victory must be counted among the most influential of Roman-inspired reverse coin designs. Quite apart from formal variations, the subtlety with which it could be used as propaganda for military or political achievements facilitated its passage to a more idealized sphere. The move, already effected in stoic circles, where Victory had come to signify abstract philosophical and moral triumphs, culminated with Christianity to symbolize virtuous triumph and ultimate victory over death. Iconographically, in addition to the traditional wreath and palm carried by Victory, still appropriate symbols of triumph for the new ideology, other specifically Christian attributes were added, such as long crosses. The shift from pagan to Christian mirrors a readjustment not only in the meaning, but in the perception of Victory, which, together with other Virtues of pagan times, became an Angel, a personification of the celestial power of God. In the Lombard regal gold coinage (c.690–774), during the reign of Cunincpert (688–700), the traditional Victory transformed into the Archangel St Michael (Fig. 3.1). Anglo-Saxon moneyers would have had many different models of Victory to draw on, not only from Roman examples, numismatic and others, but from Byzantine, Burgundian, Alemannic, Merovingian, Visigothic, and Lombard coins, appealing to Romanitas and with political or religious overtones. It is surprising that more extensive use of it was not made. Indeed, the find of a gold coin on the seashore at Weymouth, with a striding Victory on its reverse, led Stewart to propose that this and another gold coin with a facing Victory, unprovenanced, could represent an early and unrecognized phase of Anglo- Saxon coinage, contemporary to the time when the Victory was used as a reverse on Continental coins, before being replaced by crosses (c.578–82). His suggestion has encountered scepticism, mainly because an English origin is debatable for both.

Identifying suboptimalities with factorial model comparison

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Ji Ma
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
Factorial Model ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
The Many

AbstractGiven the many types of suboptimality in perception, I ask how one should test for multiple forms of suboptimality at the same time – or, more generally, how one should compare process models that can differ in any or all of the multiple components. In analogy to factorial experimental design, I advocate for factorial model comparison.

Representing utility and deploying the body

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spurrett
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
The Many

Abstract Comprehensive accounts of resource-rational attempts to maximise utility shouldn't ignore the demands of constructing utility representations. This can be onerous when, as in humans, there are many rewarding modalities. Another thing best not ignored is the processing demands of making functional activity out of the many degrees of freedom of a body. The target article is almost silent on both.

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