Reassessing ROBERT DRURY'S JOURNAL as A Historical Source for Southern Madagascar

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 233-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Parker Pearson

In 1729 a book entitled Madagascar: or Robert Drury's Journal During Fifteen Years Captivity on that Island was published in London. It describes the shipwreck of an East Indiaman on the south coast of Madagascar, the enforced stay of the crew at the royal capital of the Antandroy people, the crew's escape and massacre, the survival of the midshipmen, including Drury, as royal slaves, and Drury's eventual escape to the English colony of St. Augustine. It purports to be his authentic account, digested into order by a transcriber or editor and published at the request of his friends. A certification of its authenticity is provided at the front of the first edition by Captain William Mackett, the ship's captain who brought Drury back to England, and the author states that if anyone doubts the veracity of his tale or wishes for a further account, he is “to be found every day at Old Tom's Coffee-house in Birchin Lane, London.”The tale bears many superficial resemblances to Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and Knox's An Historical Relation of Ceylon and the anonymous editor is at pains to state in the preface that the book was undoubtedly likely to be “…taken for such another romance as ‘Robinson Crusoe’…” whereas it was “…nothing else but a plain, honest narrative of matter of fact.” If this is the case, then Drury's account provides a fascinating insight into the world of an emergent Malagasy kingdom at the beginning of the eighteenth century. This was a crucial moment in Madagascar's history, when the European world of long-distance trade, slaving, and piracy was exerting a strong impact on the local people, culminating in colonization by France two centuries later.

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 60-84
Author(s):  
Liv Helene Willumsen

Isaac Olsen's Copy Book as a Cultural Expression of the Early Eighteenth Century.This article deals with a copy book written by Isaac Olsen, dating from the early eighteenth century. Isaac Olsen was a teacher and catechist working among the Sami people in the region of Finnmark, Northern Norway. He was a predecessor of the Sami missionary Thomas von Westen. Isaac Olsen left a handwritten copy book of nearly 1000 pages, today preserved in The Museum of Cultural History in Oslo, Norway. The copy book is a compilation of documents related to Isaac Olsen’s work and person. Most of the documents are written in his own hand, but the book also contains documents written by governmental officials such as regional governors and provosts, and even the king in Copenhagen. The article focuses on the voices that may be heard in the texts contained in Isaac Olsen’s copy book: the pedagogical voice, the religious voice, the voice of popular culture, the voices of state officials. Attention is also paid to the contemporary practice of writing and the practice of professional copying. Isaac Olsen’s copy book, which dates from the early 1700s, is seen as a valuable historical source that may give insight into the mental horizon of an individual as well as knowledge about the society in which he lived.


Author(s):  
Evelyn A. M. Sanchez ◽  
Thomas R. Fairchild

Fósseis do Neoproterozoico tardio têm recebido grande atenção na última década por representarem profundas mudanças na biota. Tais mudanças incluem a passagem de uma biosfera dominada por formas procariontes unicelulares para formas eucariontes multicelulares. No Brasil, tem-se testemunhado muitos avanços no conhecimento sobre os fósseis desta idade, o que coloca o país na vanguarda das pesquisas paleontológicas do Neoproterozoico. Dentre as unidades brasileiras que figuram entre as que possuem este importante registro está o Grupo Bambuí, aflorante na porção central do Brasil. Fósseis têm sido identificados neste grupo desde o século XIX através de notas sobre o que hoje é conhecido como microbialitos, porém, foi na metade do século passado que o conhecimento sobre o registro fossilífero aumentou consideravelmente e passou a incluir possíveis icnofósseis, microfósseis e algas macroscópicas. No entanto, o significado destes fósseis tornou-se obsoleto, sobretudo mediante aos avanços da Paleontologia do Pré-Cambriano, ocorrida nas últimas duas décadas. Baseado na importância do registro fóssil do Grupo Bambuí e frente à eminente necessidade de sua contextualização no atual cenário de fósseis do Neoproterozoico, realizou-se uma reavaliação de fósseis descritos entre as décadas de 70 e 80 do século passado. Dos quatro táxons revistos, Kinneyia lucianoi Sommer 1970, Bambuilithos hectoris Sommer 1981 e Bambuilithos teixeranus Sommer 1982 passam a serem considerados pseudofósseis, enquanto que Bambuites erichsenii Sommer 1971 permanece classificado como morfofóssil, porém é posto em sinonímia com Leiosphaeridia jacutica (Timofeev, 1966), emend. Mikhailova & Jankauskas, 1989. A reanálise desse material traz uma nova visão sobre a paleobiologia registrada no Grupo Bambuí e atualiza seu registro no panorama mundial de fósseis do Neoproterozoico tardio.Palavras-chave: Grupo Bambuí, microfóssil, pseudofósseis, paleobiologia. Abstract: RE-EVALUATION OF FOSSILS FROM BAMBUÍ GROUP: PALEOBIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR THE LATE NEOPROTEROZOIC OF BRAZIL. Fossils of Late Neoproterozoic have received great attention in the last decade once they represent profound changes in biota. Such changes include the passage of a prokaryote-dominated biosphere to a multicellular, eukaryote-dominated biosphere. In Brazil, one has witnessed advances in knowledge concerning fossils of this age, placing the country at the forefront of paleontological research of the Neoproterozoic. Among the Brazilian units that comprise this important record is the Bambuí Group, outcropping in the central part of Brazil. Fossils have been identified in this unit since the eighteenth century via short notes about microbialites. However, it was in the middle of the 19th century that the knowledge of the fossil record has considerably increased, and then, included possible trace fossils, microfossils and macroscopic algae. Nonetheless, such record has become obsolete, mainly by the advances of Precambrian Paleontology, occurred in the last two decades. Based on the importance of the fossil record of the Bambuí Group and through the imminent need for its context in the current Neoproterozoic fossils scenario, a re-evaluation of fossils described from the 70s and 80s of last century was performed. Of the four groups reviewed, Kinneyia lucianoi Sommer 1970, Bambuilithos hectoris Sommer 1981 and Bambuilithos teixeranus Sommer 1982 are considered pseudofossils, and Bambuites erichsenii Sommer 1971 remained as a morphofossil, and was placed in synonymy with Leiosphaeridia jacutica (Timofeev, 1966), emend. Mikhailova & Jankauskas, 1989. The re-analysis of this material provides new insight into the paleobiology recorded in the Bambuí Group and updates its record in the world panorama of the Late Neoproterozoic fossils. Keywords: Bambuí Group, microfossil, pseudofossils, paleobiology  


2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-572
Author(s):  
Frans Korsten ◽  
Jos Blom ◽  
Frans Blom

Bryant Barrett (c.1715–1790) was a Catholic tradesman who managed to become affluent enough to be able to collect a library of nearly 2,000 volumes. His library catalogues are still extant and the aim of the present article is to analyse these in order to get an insight into the intellectual world of an eighteenth-century RC self-made man. There are a number of catalogues of institutional RC libraries and the occasional catalogue of an RC clergyman, but as far as we know the Barrett catalogues are a unique register of the books possessed by an ‘ordinary’ RC layman. The traditional picture of eighteenth-century English Catholic life is that of a dwindling community with a rather provincial and conservative outlook on life. Heroic martyrdom was a feature of the past: ordinary life entailed guarding against modern enlightenment views and – towards the end of the century – internal discussions about the concessions necessary to achieve Catholic emancipation. Barrett's library modifies this picture in a number of ways: it reveals an eminently practical man who was also an intellectual, someone interested in the past, loyal to his faith, knowledgeable about the latest developments in industry and science, intrigued by perspectives opening up through exploration and travel, fascinated with new developments and ideas. Barrett was a both a devout Roman Catholic and a well-read man of the world.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 20-36
Author(s):  
Lorna J. Clark

"The Burney family stood at the centre of cultural life of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century England, and excelled in several forms of artistic expression, especially in writing. Among the manuscripts preserved in the family archive are some collections of juvenilia produced by the children of Charles Rousseau and Esther Burney, Frances Burney’s elder sister. These literary projects helped the young authors to build confidence in their writing, refine their craft, and find a voice. This paper examines two: the first is an early example of a family-produced magazine that is patterned after one of the first-ever periodicals aimed at children. The second collection is a series of anthologies containing poems, plays, and stories written by Sophia Elizabeth Burney and dedicated to her novelist aunt. The plays seem designed to be performed in amateur theatricals; the stories contain images of female suffering, sharp satire on social pretentions, and a raucous (even violent) sense of humour that evoke the novels of Frances Burney. The newly discovered manuscripts reflect an environment that evidently encouraged creative play, self-expression, and artistic production. The study of these juvenile works yield insight into the creative world of the Burneys and, more generally, into the world of the child reader and writer in late eighteenth-century England.


1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris H. W. Engstrand

The Enlightenment in Spain defies definition. In certain respects it was a viable force opening up new vistas of knowledge and understanding, while in others it was a mild breeze rustling some leaves of insight into the possibility of human equality. For certain of Spain's royal officials, the ideas of the eighteenth century philosophes were refreshing and undeniably sound; for others even the gathering of knowledge in the new encyclopedias was a dangerously democratic trend. In some areas of national life, reforms gained immediate acceptance, in others the old ways remained entrenched.Spain has always been a country of extremes, of absolute alternatives. Spaniards strive to achieve impossible goals or they remain incredibly inert. With the discovery of America their ambitious undertakings excelled those of England or France, but subsequent neglect brought about failures of equal magnitude. In the sixteenth century they thought to conquer the world; in the next their weakened Hapsburg monarchs squandered the wealth of the New World while the country fell into economic ruin.


Author(s):  
W. L. Steffens ◽  
Nancy B. Roberts ◽  
J. M. Bowen

The canine heartworm is a common and serious nematode parasite of domestic dogs in many parts of the world. Although nematode neuroanatomy is fairly well documented, the emphasis has been on sensory anatomy and primarily in free-living soil species and ascarids. Lee and Miller reported on the muscular anatomy in the heartworm, but provided little insight into the peripheral nervous system or myoneural relationships. The classical fine-structural description of nematode muscle innervation is Rosenbluth's earlier work in Ascaris. Since the pharmacological effects of some nematacides currently being developed are neuromuscular in nature, a better understanding of heartworm myoneural anatomy, particularly in reference to the synaptic region is warranted.


2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259
Author(s):  
Joseph Acquisto

This essay examines a polemic between two Baudelaire critics of the 1930s, Jean Cassou and Benjamin Fondane, which centered on the relationship of poetry to progressive politics and metaphysics. I argue that a return to Baudelaire's poetry can yield insight into what seems like an impasse in Cassou and Fondane. Baudelaire provides the possibility of realigning metaphysics and politics so that poetry has the potential to become the space in which we can begin to think the two of them together, as opposed to seeing them in unresolvable tension. Or rather, the tension that Baudelaire animates between the two allows us a new way of thinking about the role of esthetics in moments of political crisis. We can in some ways see Baudelaire as responding, avant la lettre, to two of his early twentieth-century readers who correctly perceived his work as the space that breathes a new urgency into the questions of how modern poetry relates to the world from which it springs and in which it intervenes.


Author(s):  
Vu Kha Thap

Entering the XXI century and especially in the period of the industrial revolution has entered the era of IT with the knowledge economy in the trend of globalization. The 4.0 mankind development of ICT, especially the Internet has had a strong impact and make changes to all activities profound social life of every country in the world. Through surveys in six high School, interviewed 85 managers and teachers on the status of the management of information technology application in teaching, author of the article used the SWOT method to distribute surface strength, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges from which to export 7 management measures consistent with reality. 7 measures have been conducting trials and the results showed that 07 measures of necessary and feasible.


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