Schooling, Educational Policy, and Ethnic Identity: Comparative Studies on Governments and Non-Dominant Ethnic Groups in Europe, 1850-1940

The article pioneers the analyses of the results of ethnic federalism introduced in Ethiopia in 1991 – and its influence on Afar. Ethnicity was proclaimed the fundamental principle of the state structure. The idea of ethnicity has become the basis of official ideology. The ethnic groups and ethnic identity have acquired fundamentally importance on the political and social levels . The country has been divided into nine ethnically-based regions. The article exposes the complex ethno-political and economic situation in the Afar State, roots and causes of inter- and intra-ethnic relations and conflicts with Amhara, Oromo, Tigray and Somali-Issa, competition of ethnic elites for power and recourses. Alive is the idea of “The Greater Afar”which would unite all Afar of the Horn of Africa. The protests in Oromia and Amhara Regions in 2015–2017 influenced the Afar state as welll. The situation in Ethiopia nowadays is extremely tense. Ethiopia is plunging into serious political crisis. Some observers call it “the beginning of Ethiopian spring”, the others – “Color revolution”

Models of Self-Identification of Russian Bulgarians in Siberia: The Example of the Bulgarians of the Tyumen Region

ТРАДИЦИОННАЯ КУЛЬТУРА ◽

10.26158/tk.2021.22.2.009 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 111-121

Author(s):

Марина Петровна Кляус ◽

Галин Георгиев

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Qualitative Analysis ◽

Everyday Life ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Cultural Interaction ◽

Siberian Region ◽

Geographic Dispersion ◽

Bulgarian Population ◽

Interethnic Interaction ◽

Interethnic Marriages

В статье рассматриваются представления болгарского населения Тюменской области о своей этнической идентичности на современном этапе, а также предложены и охарактеризованы модели самоидентификации российских болгар. Источниковой базой выступили интервью с болгарами Тюмени и Нижневартовска. Качественный анализ интервью позволил выявить проблему этнической самоидентификации потомков межнациональных браков, особенности опыта респондентов в выборе этничности, направления процессов межэтнического взаимодействия в быту, языкового и культурного взаимовлияния. В статье рассмотрены и проанализированы общественные организации болгар, социальные платформы и виртуальные этнические группы. Авторы приходят к выводу, что болгары, проживающие в Тюменской области, несмотря на немногочисленность и дисперсность проживания, сохраняют свою этническую идентичность, успешно интегрировавшись в социально-экономическое, политическое и культурное пространство этого Западно-Сибирского региона. This article examines the ideas of the Bulgarian population of the Tyumen Region about its ethnic identity and proposes models of self-identification among Russian Bulgarians. Interviews with Bulgarians from Tyumen and Nizhnevartovsk were the source base. A qualitative analysis of the interviews revealed the problem of ethnic self-identification of the offspring of interethnic marriages; specifics of respondents’ experience in choosing ethnicity; and the nature of interethnic interaction in everyday life, including linguistic and cultural interaction. The article also considers public organizations of Bulgarians, social platforms and virtual ethnic groups. The authors conclude that the Bulgarians living in the Tyumen Region, despite their small number and geographic dispersion, retain their ethnic identity, successfully integrating into the socio-economic, political and cultural space of this West Siberian region.

Cultural Variability in the Educational and Learning Capitals of Australian Families and Its Relationship With Children’s Numeracy Outcomes

journal for the education of the gifted ◽

10.1177/0162353218799484 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 348-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sivanes Phillipson ◽

Shane N. Phillipson ◽

Sarika Kewalramani

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Ethnic Identity ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Stepwise Regression ◽

Standardized Test ◽

Educational Achievement ◽

Multiple Comparison ◽

Comparison Analysis ◽

The Family

This article explored the variability of parental educational mind-sets among Australian parents toward the accessible educational and learning capitals that may affect their children’s educational achievement. The participants ( N = 1,917) responded to the Family Educational and Learning Capitals Questionnaire as well as their ethnic identity. Parents also reported their children’s numeracy scores in a standardized test of achievement. Six major groups were adequate for statistical analysis, including Australians, British, Chinese, Indian, Other Asian, and Other European. A multiple comparison analysis was performed on the responses by parents from the six ethnic groups to examine the differences in parent responses to access to capitals. Controlled for ethnic groups, stepwise regression analysis showed which capitals predicted numeracy achievement of their children. The results indicated that within this sample of Australian parents, there is variability across different ethnic groups in what is considered important in their children’s educational achievement and this variability is associated with differences in numeracy outcomes.

Ethnic identity retention in four ethnic groups: Does it matter?

Journal of Baltic Studies ◽

10.1080/01629779000000141 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 289-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wsevolod W. Isajiw

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Ethnic Groups

Diasporas with a Difference: Jewish and Georgian Teenagers’ Ethnic Identity in the Russian Federation

Diaspora A Journal of Transnational Studies ◽

10.3138/diaspora.6.3.331 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 331-353

Author(s):

Fran Markowitz

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Cultural Studies ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Cultural Production ◽

Stuart Hall ◽

The Russian Federation

Ever since the late 1960s, when Fredrik Barth urged us to move away from the idea that ethnicity is constituted by “cultural stufT and to focus instead on the boundary that demarcates groups, anthropologists (and their perhaps more radical half-siblings in cultural studies) have cast into doubt the primordial or essentialist nature of ethnic groups, to say nothing of ethnic identity. Earlier studies focused on the groups themselves—how they display and are constrained by their identity as immigrants, minorities, ethnics, “persistent peoples,” and even “marginal men” (sic)—while more recent investigations have taken up the “borderlands” where groups meet, confront each other (Rosaldo; Rouse), and become zones of hybridized cultural production (Bhabha). In a related vein, ethnicity is also explored as one of many possible intersections of power and culture, and ethnic identity becomes a crazy-quilt of namings and “being-called” (Probyn 25). Indeed, Stuart Hall informs us that “identities are never unified, and in late modem times, increasingly fragmented and fractured, never singular but multiply constructed across different, often intersecting and antagonistic discourses, practices and positions” (4, emphasis added).

Ethnicity of Turkic Central Asia

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.56 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Finke

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Central Asia ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

National Identities ◽

Soviet Period ◽

Human Populations ◽

Shared Culture ◽

Patrilineal Descent ◽

Mongol Empire ◽

The One

Ethnic identity is a fuzzy concept for several reasons. On the one hand, the very question of what is an ethnic group is not an easy one to answer. On the other hand, once this is established for a specific case, it is yet another task to define who belongs to it, and who does not, and how stable such assignments actually are. This is as true for Central Asia as for any other place in the world, and the fact that, for earlier periods of history, the records—both native ones and others—use a great variety of terms for human populations, does not make it any easier. Thus, it is largely unclear, which of the tribal groups or early statehoods correspond to a contemporary understanding of ethnicity. Anthropological scholarship on Central Asia has, by contrast, stressed the rather vague and floating categories that people in the region used to define themselves and others. According to this view, the creation of ethnic groups was largely a product of more or less artificial engineering during Soviet times. Before, local communities and extended kin groups, regularly reshuffled and redefined in history, were of much greater importance for people’s identification and alliances than language or assumed genetic ties. While there is some truth in that, the picture is more complex. Particularly among the Turkic-speaking groups in the region, a steady process of consolidation set in following the decline of the Mongol Empire, resulting in the emergence of contemporary ethnic groups out of earlier configurations. The underlying concepts of attachment and self-understanding vary, however, and can be distinguished in two different modes, roughly corresponding to the divide between nomadic and sedentary groups. Among the former, the idea of patrilineal descent, or a genealogical model, is at the bottom of internal divisions as well as external demarcation; in the oases, the prime criteria are proximity and shared culture, or a territorial model of ethnic identity. Kazaks and Uzbeks respectively represent examples of these two models. Processes of ethnic demarcation have, however, been greatly accelerated during the Soviet period and its aftermath. Today, a hasty search for national identities can be observed across the region; while following lines of Soviet ethnicity concepts, these identities fundamentally change their understanding as well as inter-ethnic and majority-minority relations. This is still a very open and dynamic process leading to new (inter-)ethnic constellations and political power relations.

Ethnic Identity, Discrimination, and School Social Adjustment among Canadian Youth

Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology ◽

10.5539/jedp.v6n2p166 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 166

Author(s):

Lina Darwich ◽

Robyn McClure ◽

Shelley Hymel

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Ethnic Group ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Social Adjustment ◽

Group Membership ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Canadian Youth ◽

Ethnic Group Membership ◽

Buffering Effects

<p>The study examined the relation between ethnic regard, a component of ethnic identity, and discrimination, and their contribution to school social adjustment among 340 Canadian youth in grades 8-9. Furthermore, the study examined how the connection between ethnic regard and school social adjustment varies as a function of ethnic group membership. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that higher levels of ethnic regard were linked to higher levels of adjustment at school. However, further analyses showed that youth reporting high levels of ethnic regard and frequent discrimination may be more vulnerable in their schools. Additionally, youth of different ethnic groups had varied experiences. For youth of Vietnamese backgrounds, for example, a stronger sense of ethnic regard contributed to better social adjustment at school. These results, similar to previous studies, suggest that the research on the buffering effects of different components of ethnic identity remains equivocal.</p>

Civilian Victimization and Ethnic Civil War

Journal of Conflict Resolution ◽

10.1177/0022002719898873 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (7-8) ◽

pp. 1199-1225

Author(s):

Lars-Erik Cederman ◽

Simon Hug ◽

Livia I. Schubiger ◽

Francisco Villamil

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Civil War ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Armed Conflict ◽

The State ◽

Data Set ◽

Civilian Population ◽

Targeted Violence ◽

Structural Variables ◽

Global Coverage

While many studies provide insights into the causes of wartime civilian victimization, we know little about how the targeting of particular segments of the civilian population affects the onset and escalation of armed conflict. Previous research on conflict onset has been largely limited to structural variables, both theoretically and empirically. Moving beyond these static approaches, this article assesses how the state-led targeting of specific ethnic groups affects the likelihood of ethnic conflict onset and the evolution of conflicts once they break out. Relying on a new data set with global coverage that captures the ethnic identity of civilian victims of targeted violence, we find evidence that the state-led civilian victimization of particular ethnic groups increases the likelihood that the latter become involved in ethnic civil war. We also find tentative, yet more nuanced, evidence that ethnic targeting by state forces affects the escalation of ongoing conflicts.

Joseph Kasa-Vubu, ABAKO, and Performances of Kongo Nationalism in the Independence of Congo

Journal of Black Studies ◽

10.1177/0021934711424491 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 72-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yolanda Covington-Ward

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

National Identity ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Political Party ◽

Driving Force ◽

Civil Disobedience ◽

Ethnic Nationalism ◽

Independence Movement ◽

Key Events ◽

Belgian Congo

When most people think about the Belgian Congo and its path to independence on June 30, 1960, the figure that most frequently comes to mind is that of Patrice Lumumba and his strategy of uniting people across different ethnic groups. While Lumumba’s contributions have been well documented and recognized, this essay argues that the Kongo ethnic association–turned–political party, ABAKO (Association des BaKongo), and its leader Joseph Kasa-Vubu, were the driving force behind the independence movement in colonial Belgian Congo. ABAKO, however, used a completely different approach that successfully privileged ethnic nationalism, demonstrating that ideas of ethnic identity were often more important than a burgeoning national identity. Through the application of a performative analysis to three key events—the ABAKO countermanifesto of 1956; the Léopoldville rebellion of January, 1959; and the civil disobedience campaign advocating for an autonomous Kongo state in mid-1959—the author shows that members of ABAKO and its leadership effectively used performances of ethnic and territorial nationalism to greatly impact and lead the movement for Congolese independence.

Ethnic Identity: The Domain of Perceptions of and Attachment to Ethnic Groups and Cultures

Human Organization ◽

10.17730/humo.51.1.1r55476555563w25 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 35-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Susan Keefe

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Ethnic Group ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Group Membership ◽

The United States ◽

Study Data ◽

Ethnic Culture ◽

Cultural Groups ◽

Prejudice And Discrimination ◽

Ethnic Group Membership

This article integrates empirical findings from research in two cultural groups in the United States: Chicanos and Appalachians. Factor analysis of survey data concerning ethnicity gathered in the two groups produced similar factor patterns indicating three general dimensions of ethnicity: ethnic culture, ethnic group membership, and ethnic identity. Ethnic culture is the component of ethnicity that refers to the pattern of behaviors and beliefs that sets a group apart from others. Ethnic group membership refers to the network of people with whom an individual is in contact, and the ethnic affiliation of those people and the groups they form. Ethnic identity encompasses the perceptions of and personal affiliation with ethnic groups and cultures. Specifically, ethnic identity consists of: the perception of differences among ethnic groups; the feelings of attachment to and pride in one ethnic group and cultural heritage as opposed to others; and, at least where there are perceived physical differences between groups, the perception of prejudice and discrimination against one's own ethnic group. The dimension of ethnic identity is illustrated in depth with case study data collected during the Chicano research.