The Strategi at Athens in the Fifth Century. When Did They Enter on Office?

1939 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64
Author(s):  
H. B. Mayor
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Orthodox Theory ◽  
Orthodox View

It has been assumed for many years that the Strategi, though elected earlier in the year, did not enter office till the first day of Hecatombaeon (July or August), at the same time as the other yearly magistrates. There was considerable controversy about this in the nineteenth century, but the question was thought to be finally settled then, and it may seem presumptuous to reopen it so long after. But two important discoveries have been made since the ‘orthodox’ theory was generally adopted; and together they involve certain difficulties, which suggest that the whole question should be reconsidered. These are, first, the recovery of the Ἀθηναίων Πολιτεία, which fixes the date of the election in the Seventh Prytany (44 § 4); and, second, Merritt's work on the Attic Calendar, which supersedes Keil's system of chronology, and fixes the beginning of the Seventh Prytany in the second week of February.Both these authorities were unknown to Beloch, whose arguments in favour of the ‘orthodox’ view (Attische Politik seit Perikles) have been generally accepted as the last word on the subject. Beloch's name deservedly carries weight, but his conclusions have perhaps been adopted over-readily by many who have, not studied the evidence on which they are based. It will suffice here to say that most of his arguments are devoted to showing that the election took place in April—a date now disproved by the Ἀθηναίων Πολιτεία—while his arguments with regard to the time of entering on office are slight and unconvincing.

Conflicting obituaries: the Abyssinian ‘outlaw’ Debeb as treacherous bandit and romantic hero in late nineteenth-century Italian imagination

Modern Italy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-419
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Bruner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Character ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Romantic Hero ◽  
Public Persona ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Folk Hero ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth

In 1886 the Abyssinian chief Debeb became a public figure in Italy as a rapacious colonial bandit. However, over the next five years he acquired additional public personas, even contradictory ones: as a condottiero ally, a ladies’ man, a traitor, a young Abyssinian aristocrat and pretender to an ancient throne, a chivalrous warrior, and a figure representing the frontier and an Africa mysterious and hidden to Europeans. Upon his 1891 death in combat, he was the subject of conflicting Italian press obituaries. For some commentators, Debeb exemplified treacherous and deceitful African character, an explanation for Italy's colonial disappointments and defeats. However, other commentators clothed him in a romanticised mystique and found in him martial and even chivalrous traits to admire and emulate. To this extent his persona blurred the line demarcating the African ‘other’. Although he first appeared to Italians as a bandit, the notion of the bandit as a folk hero (the ‘noble robber’ or ‘social bandit’, Hobsbawm) does not fit his case. A more fruitful approach is to consider his multi-faceted public persona as reflecting the ongoing Italian debate over ‘national character’ (Patriarca). In the figure of Debeb, public debates over colonialism and ‘national character’ merged, with each contributing to the other.

The Sanctuary and Altar of Chryse in Attic Red-Figure Vase-Paintings of the Late Fifth and Early Fourth Centuries B.C.

1950 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna M. Hooker
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Subject

Two vases exist on which the sanctuary of Chryse is definitely identified by inscriptions. The first is an Attic red-figure stamnos, Louvre G413, attributed to Hermonax, on which is depicted Philoktetes being bitten by the snake at the altar of Chryse. The second is an Attic red-figure bell-krater, Vienna Inv. 1144, of the late fifth century B.C., which depicts Herakles sacrificing at the altar of Chryse. With the first vase may be associated an Attic red-figure calyx-krater, Louvre G342, attributed to the Altamura Painter, which bears no inscriptions, but undoubtedly represents the same scene; and with the second may be grouped four other vases of the late fifth and early fourth centuries B.C., which resemble it sufficiently closely to suggest that they too represent the sanctuary of Chryse. The interpretation of the two Louvre vases has never been in doubt, since they obviously illustrate the story of the biting of Philoktetes by the snake in the sanctuary of Chryse, but the interpretation of the other group of vases has been the subject of some dispute. In this article, therefore, I propose to discuss the connection of these vases with one another and with the two Louvre vases, and to examine their relation to the literary treatment of the legends concerning this sanctuary.

Ikaros and Perdix on a Fifth-Century Vase?

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-10
Author(s):  
H. J. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Attitude ◽  
The Subject

In discussing Ikaros as represented on vase-paintings, Prof. J. D. Beazley has, I think, omitted one consideration which throws further light on a detail of the subject and strengthens his contention as regards the interpretation of a painting. He shows a picture from what he describes as ‘a small red-figured lekythos, of about 470 B.C.,’ which represents a winged youth either rising or sinking; he interprets him as sinking, which indeed the general attitude suggests, and calls attention to the presence just above him of a bird, which ‘is flying almost straight down.… The bird acts as the directional arrow in cartography.’ He therefore concludes that the artist has chosen for his subject the fall of Ikaros during the escape from Crete.That the bird is not there merely to fill up space I heartily agree; Greek artists of the fifth century were not fond of such tricks, having little or no horror uacui and possessing the precious talent of stopping when they had nothing more to say. That it incidentally shows the direction in which the chief figure moves I am perfectly ready to believe; it is a convention conceivable in itself and made reasonably probable—I do not think it is actually proved—by the other examples cited. But surely it is still better if the bird is part of the story, and this I believe it is.

Deleuze and Kuki: The Temporality of Eternal Return and ‘un coup de dés’

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-110
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Higaki
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Eternal Return ◽  
Kyoto School ◽  
The Third ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Shuzo Kuki is a Japanese philosopher, belonging to the Kyoto school, who lived about a hundred years ago. He learned philosophy in Europe and developed an original theory of contingency, by accommodating the Asiatic way of thinking on the one hand, and Western philosophy (Bergson, Heidegger and neo-Kantianism) on the other. In this article, I show that we can find similarities between his theory of contingency and the philosophy of Deleuze, especially in regard to the subject of temporality and eternal return. Needless to say, the theory of the third time is a crucial theme in Difference and Repetition, and is closely related to the time of eternity, and the original or primitive contingency. Taking into consideration these aspects of time is indispensable in examining in depth the concepts of difference and virtuality. Kuki's theory of contingency, which incorporates early twentieth-century European philosophy, elucidates these concepts in an unexpected way. Therefore, my aim in this article is not to attempt a comparison between Eastern and Western thought by quoting Deleuze, but to illustrate a hidden lineage of thought, which runs from the nineteenth century (neo-Kantianism, Bergsonism, and so on) into the philosophy of virtuality of the twentieth century. This same lineage appears in Japan in Kuki's theory, and Deleuze's thought is, at least in one aspect, a modern manifestation of the same roots.

The Differentiation of Neuroses and Manic-Depressive Psychoses

1937 ◽  
Vol 83 (343) ◽  
pp. 156-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond Curran
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
General Proposition ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The title of this paper will suggest a number of problems which are still the subject of considerable controversy.Thus, some authorities appear to uphold the general proposition that there is a fundamental and clear-cut distinction between all neuroses (or psychoneuroses) on the one hand, and all psychoses on the other.

Greek Inscriptions at Cairness House

1934 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus N. Tod
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
The Subject

Professor J. D. Beazley recently discussed in this Journal (xlix. 1 ff.) a fifth-century Attic relief now preserved in Cairness House, Lonmay, Aberdeenshire. He appended a short account, partly from the pen of Colonel C. T. Gordon, of General Thomas Gordon (1788–1841), who brought to this country that relief and various other antiquities, and of the dispersion of the collection in 1850. The relief, however, remained at Cairness, together with two inscribed stelae, one of which has not been published hitherto, while the other has been regarded as lost. These form the subject of the present article.My warm thanks are due to the late Professor J. Harrower for calling my attention to the inscriptions and supplying me with excellent photographs of them, as also to Colonel Gordon for granting me permission to publish them and for his hospitality at Cairness, where he kindly gave me every facility for examining the stones with a view to verifying and completing the texts I had already deciphered from the photographs.

“Irish First”: Daniel O’Connell, the Native Manufacture Campaign, and Economic Nationalism, 1840–44

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Nationalism ◽  
Irish History ◽  
Public Comment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Land Question ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between nationalism and the land, observes Philip Bull in his recent study of the Irish land question, “formed a nexus which was so strong that the one issue became effectively a metaphor for the other.” Any student of nineteenth-century Irish politics can appreciate the force of this eloquent conclusion. Nevertheless, the preoccupation with the land by contemporaries and historians alike has relegated an important strand of economic nationalism devoted to manufacturing industry to a footnote in Irish history. The fate of manufacturing industry in the aftermath of the Union of 1800 is the subject of controversy among scholars suggesting, at the very least, substantial regional and sectoral variations. Contemporaries, however, were in little doubt that Irish manufacturing industry was suffering from terminal decline, a perception that had formed a regular reprise in public comment throughout the previous century. As John O’Connell wrote in 1849 “the question of Irish manufacturing has been, for more than a century and a half, one of the chief grounds of bitterness and bickerings” between Ireland and England.

The Opium Trade and Little Dorrit: A Case of Reading Silences

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenying Xu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Literature ◽  
Opium Trade ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
The Subject

Nationalism and imperialism in nineteenth-century European literature, located within a theoretical framework of Self/Other, have been the subject of much recent interest. Such projects focus chiefly on representations of the Other in descriptions, images, and evaluations. Sometimes, however, the affirmation of the national Self in such literature is achieved by the total or near total obliteration of the Other. In such cases it is on non-representations, or to use Macherey's word “silences,” that one's reading of such texts must be focused if their nationalistic and imperialistic character is to be exposed.

scholarly journals Provision of repeating the Azaan three times if the Imam settled on the Membar on Friday in Malikite school: حكم تكرار الأذان ثلاثاً إذا استوى الإمام على المنبر يوم الجمعة عند المالكية

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amara Saad Chandoul
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
The Other ◽  
The People ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Research And Education

In the Arab Maghreb countries, the matter took place in Friday's azaan, that if the imam settled on the Membar (pulpit) on Friday, they made al-Nida (called) for prayer three times. In recent years, there has been considerable controversy over the subject, as some public people have said that it only calls for a single call to the community, unlike what people used to do. Some enthusiastic young people have come to prevent the repetition of the prayers if the Imam is forced to sit down in the podium and to bequeath those who authorize it, and only if some of the muftis ruled that prayer should not be allowed in the mosque where it calls for three. The reason for studying the subject and investigating the truth was that, through this paper, we found that the azan’s call (al-Nida ) was three if the Imam was to be on the podium from the Sunnah, unlike what the people went to and understood, and that it was a matter of ignorance of the doctrine that people would change what was done without research and education. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach in the collection of texts. He used the analytical and deductive methodology in the whole knowledge. The research resulted that if the imam settled on the Membar on Friday, it is diferred to made al-Nida for prayer between being unique or repeating three times, and that both of the two opinions are really in itself. Infact, there are no provision for the validity of one and subtract the other.    

Verkiezingen en kiesstelsels

Res Publica ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-507
Author(s):  
Rolf Falter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nineteenth Century Literature ◽  
Electoral Laws ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
One Year

Nineteenth-century literature on electoral systems and elections in Belgium was generally made of political pamphlets. Politicians were the most interested in the subject, which seems quite logical for the elections, butis also true for the electoral legislation, because this bas almost continuously been a topic in the political fights in Belgium between 1830 and 1914. Therefore, a lot of research-work on electoral legislation and data was done in the discreet study-roms of local party-offices, as can be learned from the archives of nineteenth-century politicians.The valuable information resulting from this research was usually kept secret for the outside world, for which the politicians reserved their more propagandistic tracts.  Nevertheless, out of the bulk of pamphlets on electoral systems and elections, a few books deserve some special attention. Like those aiming to gather the existing electoral data needed for further research : large compilations of vast amounts of jurisprudence on the rather loose electoral laws, or first and timid attempts to make electoral statistics available for the larger public. Analysing just held elections seems on the other hand to have been a sart of monopoly of the politicians themselves. Even if they tried in the first place to fit in the verdict of the electors into their propagandistic schemes, it should be stressed that they also gave timid evidence of trying to respect at least the statistical facts (cf. abstract 1, which is an analysis by the catholic leader Charles Woeste of the part the introduction of the secret ballot in 1877 played in the defeat of bis party one year later).It was only when, from 1890 to 1893, the Belgian constitution was revised, that the subject of electoral systems and elections became also a matter of interest for academic circles. University-professors then began to publish voluminous blue-prints for a new constitution, thereby usually replacing their scientific detachment by politica! engagement. An exception to this is the remarkably serene «mathematical tract» of Victor D'hondt, a law-professor at Ghent University, who in 1882 gave his name to what was to become the most applicated system of proportional representation in the world (cf. abstract 3).After 1900 the first more or less scientific works on the subject, based on critical research, were published: one written by the law-professor of Louvain, Leon Dupriez ( who, in abstract 4, fries to explain why in Liège the workers generally had fewer votes in the plural system than their colleagues of Hainaut), the other one by his French colleague of Montpellier, Joseph Barthélemy, who wrote a voluminous history of the Belgian electoral systems since 1830 (and, in abstract 5, examines the application of proportional representation in the politically motivated nominations at the Belgian courts). Bath in the first place seem to have wanted to improve the knowledge on the subject. Their research and analysis for the first time was not subordinated to their personal political engagement.

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