MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING PRACTICE AND PRICE CALCULATION AT BOULTON AND WATT'S SOHO FOUNDRY: A LATE 18TH CENTURY EXAMPLE

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Williams
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Price List ◽  
Competitive Edge ◽  
Accounting Practice ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost

When deciding upon the price to charge for one of their products, the managers of the Soho Foundry in Birmingham placed great reliance upon the data stored in their accounting system. By the last decade of the 18th century, the nature of the steam engine business was changing rapidly and reputation alone was insufficient to attract customers. Also, as more industrialists decided upon steam as a source of power and competition to supply their needs increased, more attention had to be paid to price structures. The increasing standardization of products meant that a price list could be determined. The partners showed some reluctance to come to terms with the pricing issue, insisting that the quality of their product was of more importance than its price. This paper addresses the processes undertaken at the Soho Foundry to establish price lists for engines and parts. It shows that prices were based on the cost of previous machines, this cost being calculated using predetermined rates as shown in the engine books. The paper concludes with the observation that continual reliance on historical data was one of the factors contributing to the firm's loss of its competitive edge.

vinced that we should not, because I am certain that the lead chambers, considering of the huge quantity of sulfur burned inside, won’t last more than 6 years instead of 15, as formerly forecasted. If that fact is confirmed, deprecia­ tion is not important enough and the profit of the soda factory is overvalued. Though the Board of Directors at the September 4, 1834 meeting was not asked for a decision as regards the length of time allowed for depreciation, it was asked to decide whether deprecia­ tion should be taken on machinery during the first year's service. In the same report, the chief accountant maintains the fictitious nature of the depreciation taken into account: . . . let me remind you of what I told you in my preceding report: there is only one means to have an exact idea of depreciation: it consists, when a building or a piece of machinery is out of use, in appraising its value, and when it is destroyed to take into the Profit and Loss Account the remaining value, less the selling price of materials. By that means we could know exactly the depreciation life of a building or a piece of machinery . . . The method of calculating depreciation was to be completely re­ viewed in the 1870’s as discussed in a subsequent section. Transfer pricing among factories. Transfer pricing also became an issue which was considered by the Company in developing its cost accounting system. The issue arose because the soda factory sold its products to the glass factory on the one hand, and to external customers on the other hand. It first seemed correct to use the same price until this price appeared excessive due to ap­ proximate methods of valuing the quality of goods sold: If that increase in the degrees (measure of quantity for soda) is of little importance for customers delivered to in Paris, it is quite different for the Saint-Gobain’s branch which pays for more degrees than it really gets. Conse­ quently, the soda factory makes a profit to the detriment of the glass factory and increases its cost prices. To conclude, the chief accountant makes some proposals among which: 3) Wouldn't it be convenient to choose a uniform way of costing as regards the transfer transactions between our branches? We could use either the cost price or the mar­ ket price.

2014 ◽  
pp. 264-264
Keyword(s):  
Glass Factory ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
Subsequent Section ◽  
The One ◽  
Cost Accounting System ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Early Portuguese meteorological records (18th century)

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 3399-3448
Author(s):  
M. J. Alcoforado ◽  
J. M. Vaquero ◽  
R. M. Trigo ◽  
J. P. Taborda
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Nao Index ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Southern Portugal ◽  
Haze Days ◽  
Measurement Period

Abstract. Natural proxies, documentary evidence and instrumental data are the main sources used to reconstruct past climates. In this paper, we present the 18th century meteorologists (either Portuguese or foreigners), who made the first observations at several sites in Continental Portugal, Madeira Island and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), from 1749 until 1802. Information is given concerning observation site, variables observed, measurement period, methodologies and sources (both manuscript and printed). Some examples from the data usefulness are given: rainfall variability in Madeira (1749–1753) and in Continental Portugal (1781–1793) was reconstructed, allowing to extend towards the late 18th century the well known negative correlation between the NAO index and seasonal rainfall. Furthermore, previously unpublished data for 1783–1784 has allowed analysing the consequences of the Laki eruption in Portugal: foggy and haze days are referred to in summer 1783, but unlike the hot summer observed in Northern and Central Europe, temperatures in Portugal were lower than average. Additionally, observations from Rio de Janeiro in Brazil show that the Laki consequences may well have spread to sectors of the Southern Hemisphere. Although the series are short, the data will be used for climate reconstruction studies focused in Southern Portugal and are also useful to improve the quality of large scale reconstruction datasets.

scholarly journals “Latin” and “Slavonic” Education in the Primary Classes of Russian Seminaries in the 18th Century

Slovene ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina I. Kislova
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Hybrid Form ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Seminary Education ◽  
Teaching Of Reading ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Primary Teaching ◽  
Method Of Instruction

The article focuses on the issue of using the Latin and “Slavensky” (that is, the combined Russian and Church Slavonic) languages in primary ecclesiastical education in the 18th century. By the 1740s, seminary education in Latin had established itself in Russia. But primary teaching of reading and writing in Russian and Church Slavonic was the tradition until the end of the 18th century, regardless of where the teaching was taking place, either at home or at a Russian school affiliated with a seminary. Russian schools were organized for teaching illiterate or semiliterate children. But by the late 18th century, several seminaries attempted to reorganize “Russian schools” into ecclesiastical schools in which Russian would be the only language of instruction. Junior classes at seminaries were fully focused on teaching Latin, but Latin was by no means a complete replacement for Russian. The principal method of instruction was translation, and the administrators of many seminaries demanded attention to the quality of the students’ translations into Russian. Thus, Russian and Latin were functionally distributed in primary education. Only Church Slavonic was practically excluded from teaching after the primary courses of reading and church singing, and that preconditioned its conservation as a language used only for church services, leading to the extinction of the hybrid form.

scholarly journals Pelatihan Kewirausahaan Bidang Pariwisata di Desa Cadas Ngampar Sentul

2022 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Imam Ardiansyah ◽  
Sofiani Sofiani ◽  
Yudhiet Fajar Dewantara ◽  
Stephanie Rosanto ◽  
Vivian Octariana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Village

ABSTRAK Penerapan kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) oleh pemerintah  Indonesia berdampak besar terhadap penurunan kegiatan ekonomi di masyarakat.Hal tersebut memberikan pengaruh kepada sejumlah pengusaha terpaksa membuat keputusan dengan menutup usahanya dan sebagian karyawannya dirumahkan atau melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja karena beban operasional yang tetap berjalan, seperti biaya sewa tempat, listrik, maupun gaji karyawan sementara tidak ada pemasukan. Bagi pengusaha yang memiliki modal yang besar, kemungkinan masih bisa bertahan untuk beberapa waktu ke depan. Namun lain halnya bila pengusaha yang memiliki modal yang relatif kecil atau pas-pasan. Tentu menjadi pekerjaan rumah yang tidak mudah untuk bertahan. UMKM merupakan salah satu sector yang terimbas dari adanya Pemabatasan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, Universitas Bunda Mulia melalui program Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PKM) ini, membantu para penggiat UMKM di Desa Cadas Ngampar untuk dapat bangkit dan berinovasi dalam menjalankan usahanya. Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah untuk melatih kemampuan berwirausaha masyarakat di desa cadas ngampar.  Beberapa paparan materi yang disampaikan dalam PKM ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas UMKM warga lokal dan meningkatkan lagi perekonomian di Desa Cadas Ngampar. Setelah melakukan penyuluhan dengan pemaparan materi dari masing-masing dosen maka hasil yang di dapatkan berdasarkan intensitas tanya jawab yang muncul, kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah adanya peningkatan pengetahuan dan pemahaman serta keterampilan peserta dalam kewirausahaan, dapat mengetahui manfaat-manfaat dari materi yang disampaikan, dan adanya tambahan motivasi dalam berwirausaha. Kata Kunci: Kewirausahaan, Pemasaran, Higiene dan Sanitasi ABSTRACTThe implementation of the Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy by the Indonesian government has had a major impact on the decline in economic activity in the community. This has affected a number of entrepreneurs who were forced to make decisions by closing their businesses and some of their employees being laid off or terminating their employment due to ongoing operational expenses, such as the cost of renting a place, electricity, or employee salary while there is no income. For entrepreneurs who have a large capital, chances are they can survive for some time to come. However, it is different if the entrepreneur has a relatively small or mediocre capital. Of course, being homework that is not easy to survive. MSMEs are one of the sectors affected by these restrictions. Therefore, Universitas Bunda Mulia through this Community Service (PKM) program, helps MSME activists in Cadas Ngampar Village to be able to rise and innovate in running their business. The purpose of this community service activity is to train community entrepreneurship skills in the village of rock ngampar. Some of the material presentations presented in this PKM are expected to improve the quality of local MSMEs and improve the economy in Cadas Ngampar Village. After conducting counseling with material presentation from each lecturer, the results obtained were based on the intensity of the questions and answers that emerged, this service activity was an increase in the knowledge and understanding, and skills of participants in entrepreneurship, being able to find out the benefits of the material presented, and additional motivation in entrepreneurship. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Hygiene and SanitationABSTRAK Penerapan kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) oleh pemerintah  Indonesia berdampak besar terhadap penurunan kegiatan ekonomi di masyarakat.Hal tersebut memberikan pengaruh kepada sejumlah pengusaha terpaksa membuat keputusan dengan menutup usahanya dan sebagian karyawannya dirumahkan atau melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja karena beban operasional yang tetap berjalan, seperti biaya sewa tempat, listrik, maupun gaji karyawan sementara tidak ada pemasukan. Bagi pengusaha yang memiliki modal yang besar, kemungkinan masih bisa bertahan untuk beberapa waktu ke depan. Namun lain halnya bila pengusaha yang memiliki modal yang relatif kecil atau pas-pasan. Tentu menjadi pekerjaan rumah yang tidak mudah untuk bertahan. UMKM merupakan salah satu sector yang terimbas dari adanya Pemabatasan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, Universitas Bunda Mulia melalui program Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PKM) ini, membantu para penggiat UMKM di Desa Cadas Ngampar untuk dapat bangkit dan berinovasi dalam menjalankan usahanya. Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah untuk melatih kemampuan berwirausaha masyarakat di desa cadas ngampar.  Beberapa paparan materi yang disampaikan dalam PKM ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas UMKM warga lokal dan meningkatkan lagi perekonomian di Desa Cadas Ngampar. Setelah melakukan penyuluhan dengan pemaparan materi dari masing-masing dosen maka hasil yang di dapatkan berdasarkan intensitas tanya jawab yang muncul, kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah adanya peningkatan pengetahuan dan pemahaman serta keterampilan peserta dalam kewirausahaan, dapat mengetahui manfaat-manfaat dari materi yang disampaikan, dan adanya tambahan motivasi dalam berwirausaha. Kata Kunci: Kewirausahaan, Pemasaran, Higiene dan Sanitasi ABSTRACTThe implementation of the Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy by the Indonesian government has had a major impact on the decline in economic activity in the community. This has affected a number of entrepreneurs who were forced to make decisions by closing their businesses and some of their employees being laid off or terminating their employment due to ongoing operational expenses, such as the cost of renting a place, electricity, or employee salary while there is no income. For entrepreneurs who have large capital, chances are they can survive for some time to come. However, it is different if the entrepreneur has a relatively small or mediocre capital. Of course, being a homework that is not easy to survive. MSMEs are one of the sectors affected by these restrictions. Therefore, Universitas Bunda Mulia through this Community Service (PKM) program, helps MSME activists in Cadas Ngampar Village to be able to rise and innovate in running their business. The purpose of this community service activity is to train community entrepreneurship skills in the village of rock ngampar. Some of the material presentations presented in this PKM are expected to improve the quality of local MSMEs and improve the economy in Cadas Ngampar Village. After conducting counseling with material presentation from each lecturer, the results obtained were based on the intensity of the questions and answers that emerged, this service activity was an increase in the knowledge and understanding and skills of participants in entrepreneurship, being able to find out the benefits of the material presented, and additional motivation in entrepreneurship. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Hygiene and Sanitation

scholarly journals Considerations about foxing stains in three paper collections ranging from the 16th to the 20th century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca Figueira ◽  
Marta Matos ◽  
Aida Nunes ◽  
Mariana Afonso ◽  
Ana Clara Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Paper Conservation

Three surveys on the occurrence of foxing stains were carried out on papers dating from 1560 to 1975 in three Portuguese collections. Foxed papers were found to be more intensely and intrusively stained in certain time periods of each collection. Based on historical data and on the professional paper conservation experience, the authors linked the increased occurrence of foxing stains in certain time periods to the new papermaking processes and materials, which began to be introduced in the late 18th century, and in particular to a synergistic effect between three factors: the use of deficient gelatine sizing which began to present a poorer quality and homogeneity, the presence of iron-containing impurities throughout the paper leaf and a distinct sorbency of moisture. Observing batches of morphologically similar papers by using photographic imaging with different types of light sources and incidences, the authors verified that similar papers present similar foxing stains.

scholarly journals Wohltätigkeit, Selbsthilfe und organisierte Geselligkeit. Entwicklung, Funktion und Differenzierung des Vereinswesens

2021 ◽  
pp. 349-379
Author(s):  
Peter Hinterndorfer
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Public Purpose ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Quantitative Development ◽  
To Come ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
The 19Th Century

Charity, Self-Help and Organized Sociality. Development, Function and Differentiation of Associations. Associations emerged from the late 18th century onwards as a form that enabled people from different social classes to come together to fulfil a specific purpose, thus increasingly replacing earlier forms of organisation such as corporations. On the basis of existing literature and theoretical approaches from historical and sociological research, the chapter discusses the functions of associations and presents a typological classification as associations with a public purpose, self-help associations and leisure associations. The differentiation between associations and their rapid quantitative development in the last third of the 19th century illustrate the extent of the overall social importance associations achieved. The exemplary view of the associations in the small Lower Austrian town of Zwettl shows the dynamic interaction between associations and administrative authorities and their development into important actors in the local public sphere.

ners increased (about 50 in 1770 and 204 in 1830). Unlike most firms of that period, it was not a family business. The Turning Period (1791-1820) The accounting system used in the 18th century achieved two main tasks: it computed the wealth (inventory) and enrichment (receipts and payments) of the partners, and it kept the internal movements of goods and cash under control with a comprehen­ sive system of vouchers. However, there does not seem to be any reckoning of costs before 1820. The Company waited for over 150 years before calcu­ lating a cost amount for its products. If one wants to prove the importance of that turning point, the quotes below from two man­ agers are evidence. In 1793, i.e. during the French Revolution, the Company delivered to each associate an “Instruction to help the interested parties in the Manufacture of glass with the declaration form they had to fill in about their interest in that trade, according to the Compulsory Loan Act of the 24th of August." Such a docu­ ment4 had four aims, the most important of which was providing knowledge of the profit of the year 1793. According to the order-in-council, “the benefit was that which went beyond the interests of the funds invested.” The interest was easily known (5% of the net worth) thanks to the inventory. But as regards the evaluation of benefits, the calculation seemed quite impossible from the au­ thors’ instruction: Things do not go with glass as they do with cloth, for which the cost is known even before we put it on the frame. Glass, on the contrary, never preserves its original value. The flaws entail scraps, that is why the benefit of the glass production is a random result and it is impos­ sible to calculate it. In 1829, the Baron Roederer, a director of the Company of Saint-Quirin, expressed quite an opposite point of view when he described the problems raised by the possible merger of the two competing companies.5 It seems that in this case, everything could be reduced on both sides to the calculation of a square foot of glass.

2014 ◽  
pp. 253-253
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Glass Production ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Opposite Point ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Early Portuguese meteorological measurements (18th century)

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Alcoforado ◽  
J. M. Vaquero ◽  
R. M. Trigo ◽  
J. P. Taborda
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Observation Site ◽  
Nao Index ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Haze Days ◽  
Measurement Period

Abstract. Natural proxies, documentary evidence and instrumental data are the only sources used to reconstruct past climates. In this paper, we present the 18th century meteorologists (either Portuguese or foreigners) who made the first observations at several sites in Continental Portugal, Madeira Island and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), from 1749 until 1802. Information is given concerning observation site, variables observed, measurement period, methods of measurements and sources (both manuscript and printed). Some examples from the data usefulness are given: rainfall variability in Madeira (1749–1753) and in continental Portugal (1781–1793) was reconstructed, allowing to extend towards the late 18th century the well known negative correlation between the NAO index and seasonal rainfall. Furthermore, previously unpublished data for 1783–1784 have allowed analysing the consequences of the Lakagígar eruption in Portugal: foggy and haze days are referred to in summer 1783, but unlike the hot summer observed in northern and central Europe, temperatures in Portugal were lower than average. Additionally, observations from Rio de Janeiro in Brazil show that the Lakagígar consequences may well have spread to sectors of the Southern Hemisphere. Although the series are short, the data have been used for climate reconstruction studies and may also be useful to improve the quality of large scale reconstruction datasets.

scholarly journals The Applicability of Responsibility Accounting System within the Scope of Increasing Efficiency in Hospital Bussinesses in Turkey

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fehmi Karasioğlu ◽  
İbrahim Emre Göktürk
Keyword(s):  
Cost Control ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Quality Of Services ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Professional Management ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Responsibility Accounting

In order to reduce the waste of resources of health to minimum level, The most important sub-system of the system must take the necessary precautions in hospitals. Improving the quality of services provided in hospitals, ensuring cost control in hospitals, increasing competition, promotion of private initiatives are important elements which help these bussinesses to increase their effectiveness. Because of human health is a matter of priority in health services, the businesses which offer this services should think the economic priorities for second plan. This is a policy based on hospital establishments with income instead of providing added value to the costs without compromising on quality to ensure a minimum to decrease the cost, with the creation of the control system will be possible.The complex and the complex structure of hospitals also complicates the management of these enterprises.With the centrifugal organization structure and the sparation of management in the responsibility fields, management of this complex structure can be provided more efficiently.The most important problems in Turkey, in hospitals, professional management and cost control as a responsibility accounting system is a system that will produce a solution to the problem proposed.

scholarly journals Accounting and analytical transformations in the formation and use of stocks at enterprises

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Т.Б. Лейберт ◽  
Э.А. Халикова ◽  
О.В. Кадесникова
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Management ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Inventory Management System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Information Basis

Важным аспектом в современной системе управления запасами в компании является информационно-аналитическое обеспечение как базовая информационная основа, которая формируется в корпоративной учетной системе, обрабатывается, интегрируется в формате управленческих отчетов, на основе которых принимаются оперативные и стратегические управленческие решения. Научная статья посвящена проблеме учетно-аналитического обеспечения формировании и использовании запасов на предприятиях в условиях меняющегося законодательства. Основой эффективного управления запасами является информационно-аналитическое обеспечение, которое основано на грамотной классификации запасов и их оценке. Авторами статьи предложена группировка запасов материально-технических ресурсов в зависимости от их категории. Разработана схема управления запасами материально-технических ресурсов в зависимости от потребности в материально-технических ресурсах на планируемый год. Проанализирован порядок формирования себестоимости запасов в зависимости от способов их поступления с учетом изменений учетного законодательства, внесенных ФСБУ 5/2019 «Запасы» и оценено влияние на качество учетно-аналитического обеспечения. An important aspect in the modern inventory management system in the company is information and analytical support as the basic information basis, which is formed in the corporate accounting system, processed, integrated in the format of management reports, on the basis of which operational and strategic management decisions are made. The scientific article is devoted to the problem of accounting and analytical support for the formation and use of reserves at enterprises in the context of changing legislation. The basis for effective inventory management is information and analytical support, which is based on a competent classification of reserves and their assessment. The authors of the article proposed a grouping of stocks of material and technical resources depending on their category. A scheme for managing stocks of material and technical resources has been developed, depending on the need for material and technical resources for the planned year. The procedure for the formation of the cost of inventories was analyzed, depending on the methods of their receipt, taking into account changes in accounting legislation introduced by FSBU 5/2019 "Inventories" and the impact on the quality of accounting and analytical support was assessed.

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