scholarly journals Early Portuguese meteorological records (18th century)

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 3399-3448
Author(s):  
M. J. Alcoforado ◽  
J. M. Vaquero ◽  
R. M. Trigo ◽  
J. P. Taborda

Abstract. Natural proxies, documentary evidence and instrumental data are the main sources used to reconstruct past climates. In this paper, we present the 18th century meteorologists (either Portuguese or foreigners), who made the first observations at several sites in Continental Portugal, Madeira Island and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), from 1749 until 1802. Information is given concerning observation site, variables observed, measurement period, methodologies and sources (both manuscript and printed). Some examples from the data usefulness are given: rainfall variability in Madeira (1749–1753) and in Continental Portugal (1781–1793) was reconstructed, allowing to extend towards the late 18th century the well known negative correlation between the NAO index and seasonal rainfall. Furthermore, previously unpublished data for 1783–1784 has allowed analysing the consequences of the Laki eruption in Portugal: foggy and haze days are referred to in summer 1783, but unlike the hot summer observed in Northern and Central Europe, temperatures in Portugal were lower than average. Additionally, observations from Rio de Janeiro in Brazil show that the Laki consequences may well have spread to sectors of the Southern Hemisphere. Although the series are short, the data will be used for climate reconstruction studies focused in Southern Portugal and are also useful to improve the quality of large scale reconstruction datasets.

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Alcoforado ◽  
J. M. Vaquero ◽  
R. M. Trigo ◽  
J. P. Taborda

Abstract. Natural proxies, documentary evidence and instrumental data are the only sources used to reconstruct past climates. In this paper, we present the 18th century meteorologists (either Portuguese or foreigners) who made the first observations at several sites in Continental Portugal, Madeira Island and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), from 1749 until 1802. Information is given concerning observation site, variables observed, measurement period, methods of measurements and sources (both manuscript and printed). Some examples from the data usefulness are given: rainfall variability in Madeira (1749–1753) and in continental Portugal (1781–1793) was reconstructed, allowing to extend towards the late 18th century the well known negative correlation between the NAO index and seasonal rainfall. Furthermore, previously unpublished data for 1783–1784 have allowed analysing the consequences of the Lakagígar eruption in Portugal: foggy and haze days are referred to in summer 1783, but unlike the hot summer observed in northern and central Europe, temperatures in Portugal were lower than average. Additionally, observations from Rio de Janeiro in Brazil show that the Lakagígar consequences may well have spread to sectors of the Southern Hemisphere. Although the series are short, the data have been used for climate reconstruction studies and may also be useful to improve the quality of large scale reconstruction datasets.


Slovene ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina I. Kislova

The article focuses on the issue of using the Latin and “Slavensky” (that is, the combined Russian and Church Slavonic) languages in primary ecclesiastical education in the 18th century. By the 1740s, seminary education in Latin had established itself in Russia. But primary teaching of reading and writing in Russian and Church Slavonic was the tradition until the end of the 18th century, regardless of where the teaching was taking place, either at home or at a Russian school affiliated with a seminary. Russian schools were organized for teaching illiterate or semiliterate children. But by the late 18th century, several seminaries attempted to reorganize “Russian schools” into ecclesiastical schools in which Russian would be the only language of instruction. Junior classes at seminaries were fully focused on teaching Latin, but Latin was by no means a complete replacement for Russian. The principal method of instruction was translation, and the administrators of many seminaries demanded attention to the quality of the students’ translations into Russian. Thus, Russian and Latin were functionally distributed in primary education. Only Church Slavonic was practically excluded from teaching after the primary courses of reading and church singing, and that preconditioned its conservation as a language used only for church services, leading to the extinction of the hybrid form.


Author(s):  
Talita Vidal Pereira ◽  
Roberta Avoglio Alves Oliveira

<p>O fenômeno denominado Juvenilização da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) é analisado no presente artigo como consequência da expulsão de jovens em defasagem idade-série da escola regular. O pressuposto é que o fenômeno tem se intensificado na medida em que a correção de fluxo tem funcionado como mecanismo de escape, utilizado por gestores com o objetivo de evitar as sanções previstas nas políticas de responsabilização às escolas e aos professores que não alcançam as metas de desempenho estabelecidas pelas diferentes esferas do sistema. São utilizados dados estatísticos sobre o histórico de matrículas na EJA na rede municipal de ensino da cidade do Rio de Janeiro para sustentar que as políticas de avaliação em larga escala, anunciadas como garantidoras da qualidade da educação, têm favorecido a manutenção de processos de exclusão escolar. Aportes pós-estruturalistas, em especial a Teoria do Discurso, sustentam a problematização de uma concepção instrumental de qualidade.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Juvenilización de EJA como efecto colateral de las políticas de responsabilización</em></strong></p><p><em>Se analiza el fenómeno denominado juvenilización de la Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) en el presente artículo en función de la expulsión de jóvenes en desfase edad-año de la escuela regular. Se presupone que el fenómeno se ha intensificado en la medida que la corrección de flujo funciona como mecanismo de escape, utilizado por gestores con el objetivo de evitar las sanciones previstas en las políticas de responsabilización a las escuelas y a los profesores que no alcanzan las metas de desempeño establecidas por las diferentes esferas del sistema. Se utilizan datos estadísticos sobre el historial de matrículas en EJA en la red municipal de enseñanza de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro para sustentar que las políticas de evaluación en gran escala, anunciadas como garantes de la calidad de la educación, han favorecido el mantenimiento de procesos de exclusión escolar. Aportes post-estructuralistas, en especial la Teoría del Discurso, sostienen la problematización de una concepción instrumental de calidad.</em></p><p><strong><em>Palabras clave:</em></strong><em> Responsabilización; Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA); Calidad de La Educación; Evaluación de la Educación.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Juvenilization in adult and youth education as a side effect of accountability policies</em></strong></p><p><em>This article analyzes the phenomenon called Juvenilization in Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) [Adult and Youth Education] as a result of the exclusion of young people with age-grade discrepancy from regular school. The assumption is that the phenomenon has intensified, as the flow correction has worked as an escape mechanism used by managers to avoid the penalties prescribed in the accountability policies for schools and teachers not reaching the performance targets established for the different levels of the system. Statistical data about the EJA academic transcripts from the municipal school network of Rio de Janeiro are used to support the large-scale assessment policies. These policies, announced as guarantors of the quality of education, have favored the maintenance of school exclusion processes. Poststructuralist contributions, particularly Discourse Theory, support the problematizing of an instrumental concept of quality. </em></p><p><em><strong>Keywords:</strong> Accountability; Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA); Quality of Education; Education Evaluation.</em></p>


1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Williams

When deciding upon the price to charge for one of their products, the managers of the Soho Foundry in Birmingham placed great reliance upon the data stored in their accounting system. By the last decade of the 18th century, the nature of the steam engine business was changing rapidly and reputation alone was insufficient to attract customers. Also, as more industrialists decided upon steam as a source of power and competition to supply their needs increased, more attention had to be paid to price structures. The increasing standardization of products meant that a price list could be determined. The partners showed some reluctance to come to terms with the pricing issue, insisting that the quality of their product was of more importance than its price. This paper addresses the processes undertaken at the Soho Foundry to establish price lists for engines and parts. It shows that prices were based on the cost of previous machines, this cost being calculated using predetermined rates as shown in the engine books. The paper concludes with the observation that continual reliance on historical data was one of the factors contributing to the firm's loss of its competitive edge.


Author(s):  
João Paulo Cabral

Resumo As primeiras observações e recolhas de eucaliptos ocorreram nas grandes viagens inglesas e francesas ao Pacífico, em particular à Austrália, em finais do século XVIII. O género Eucalyptus L'Hér. foi estabelecido em 1788, e logo nas duas décadas seguintes seriam descritas, por botânicos franceses e ingleses, muitas espécies novas. O primeiro eucalipto cultivado em Inglaterra foi trazido, em 1774, na segunda viagem de James Cook. Em França, a introdução terá sido feita em 1804, no Jardim Botânico de Montpellier, na Alemanha em 1809, no Jardim Botânico de Berlim, e em Itália, em 1813, no Jardim Botânico de Nápoles. Em Portugal, a introdução do eucalipto foi muito posterior a estas datas. Na propriedade do duque de Palmela no Lumiar, foram plantados dois eucaliptos em 1850-1852. No Horto Botânico da Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Lisboa, existia em 1852, pelo menos um espécimen, certamente para uso ou demonstração das suas propriedades terapêuticas. A partir da década de 1860, a expansão foi muito rápida. Em 1869, a companhia real dos caminhos-de-ferro portugueses iniciou a plantação de eucaliptos nas estações, casas de guarda e ao longo da via-férrea. As primeiras plantações em larga escala terão ocorrido na década de 1880 em propriedades perto de Abrantes arrendadas por William T. Tait. Em 1886 estavam já plantados 150 mil eucaliptos. Nesta mesma década começou a plantação, em escala apreciável, de eucaliptos nas Matas Nacionais. Em finais do século XX, tinham sido introduzidas em Portugal cerca de 250 espécies, sendo o Eucalyptus globulus Labill., a espécie largamente dominante. É interessante constatar que tendo sido um dos países europeus que mais tarde introduziu a cultura do eucalipto, Portugal é hoje, a nível mundial, um dos que apresenta maior percentagem da sua área florestal dedicada a esta cultura.Palavras-chave: eucalipto; jardins botânicos; Portugal. Abstract The earliest observations and collections of eucalypts occurred on the great English and French voyages to the Pacific, particularly Australia, in the late 18th century. The genus Eucalyptus L'Hér. was described in 1788, and soon in the following two decades, many species would be described by French and English botanists. The first eucalypt grown in England was brought in 1774 on James Cook's second voyage. In France, the introduction seems to have occurred in 1804, at the Botanical Garden of Montpellier, in Germany in 1809, at the Botanical Garden of Berlin, and in Italy, in 1813, at the Botanical Garden of Naples. In Portugal, the introduction of eucalypts was much later than these dates. In the property of the Duke of Palmela in Lumiar, two eucalypts were planted in 1850-1852. The Botanical Garden of the Medical-Surgical School of Lisbon had in 1852, at least one specimen, certainly for use or demonstration of its therapeutic properties. From the 1860s the expansion was very rapid. In 1869, the royal company of the Portuguese railways began planting eucalypts in the stations, guard houses and along the railroad. The first large-scale plantations occurred in the 1880s in properties near Abrantes leased by William T. Tait. By 1886, 150,000 eucalypts were already planted. In the same decade began the planting, on an appreciable scale, of eucalypts in “Matas Nacionais”. By the end of the 20th century about 250 species had been introduced in Portugal, being Eucalyptus globulus Labill., the species largely dominant. It is interesting to note that Portugal, one of the European countries that later introduced the eucalypt, is today, worldwide, one of the countries with the highest percentage of its forest area dedicated to this culture. Keywords: eucalypt; botanical gardens; Portugal.


2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 7517-7536 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Wescoat

Abstract. This paper assesses changing norms of water use known as the duty of water. It is a case study in historical socio-hydrology, a line of research useful for anticipating changing social values with respect to water. The duty of water is currently defined as the amount of water reasonably required to irrigate a substantial crop with careful management and without waste on a given tract of land. The historical section of the paper traces this concept back to late-18th century analysis of steam engine efficiencies for mine dewatering in Britain. A half-century later, British irrigation engineers fundamentally altered the concept of duty to plan large-scale canal irrigation systems in northern India at an average duty of 218 acres per cubic foot per second (cfs). They justified this extensive irrigation standard (i.e., low water application rate over large areas) with a suite of social values that linked famine prevention with revenue generation and territorial control. Several decades later irrigation engineers in the western US adapted the duty of water concept to a different socio-hydrologic system and norms, using it to establish minimum standards for water rights appropriation (e.g., only 40 to 80 acres per cfs). The final section shows that while the duty of water concept has now been eclipsed by other measures and standards of water efficiency, it may have continuing relevance for anticipating if not predicting emerging social values with respect to water.


2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
SU YIN MAK

ABSTRACT Although recent scholarship has witnessed a welcome disavowal of the view that Schubert's formal and tonal designs in sonata form compositions bespeak the song composer's inability to master large-scale instrumental genres, it remains a commonplace to characterize Schubert's unorthodox practice as ““lyrical.”” Yet the historical, theoretical, and aesthetic bases of this lyricism have received little critical attention. A systematic and historically grounded approach to the notion of lyrical form in Schubert may be established by appealing to the rhetorical distinction between hypotaxis and parataxis, which pervaded late 18th-century discussions of both music and language. In particular, parataxis, a style that deliberately omits syntactical connections and relies instead on juxtaposition and parallelism, offers a suggestive technical link between Schubert's instrumental practice and the discursive techniques of contemporaneous lyric poetry. There are also aesthetic connections between idealist views of the lyric and the composer's own artistic beliefs, as confirmed by biographical documents. Schubert's approach to form was as much informed by these literary sensibilities as by the Classical compositional tradition. Like poets for whom the lyric served both as an Arcadian ideal of song and as an alternative to the prosaic realities of the present, Schubert evoked the lyric within the context of the sonata as a means of reunifying the dissociated sensibility of the Enlightenment. In so doing, he secured a place for the poetic imagination in instrumental music.


Author(s):  
Martin Strebel

AbstractThe treatment of a large-scale late 18th-century landscape view is described, focussing on a bleaching treatment. The hand-coloured aquatint Panorama de Chaumont is owned by the Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. It had been mounted on a wooden strainer and framed without glazing; severe and uneven browning made it unsuitable for presentation. The discolouration resulted from light exposure and direct contact with a wooden strainer which released volatile organic compounds. To minimize the discolouration, the six parts of the print were dismounted and separated along the joints from each other. The pieces were deacidified in tap water. Only one segment was bleached at first with a 0.1% potassium permanganate solution. However, large areas of blue colouring were decolourized during the subsequent sodium dithionite treatment. The decolourized areas of the print recovered their previous blue tone during the following rinsing in water and drying. The unexpected effect was caused by the reduction of indigo to indigo white (leuco-indigo) and its subsequent re-oxidation to indigo in absence of the reducing agent and through impact of atmospheric oxygen. Being able to assess the variables after a first testing phase, all print segments were finally bleached with a 1% potassium permanganate solution. The sheets were deacidified aqueously, resized on the verso with a 0.8% gelatine solution and tears were repaired. The image segments were not rejoined contrary to conservation recommendations.


Author(s):  
A. Babirad

Cerebrovascular diseases are a problem of the world today, and according to the forecast, the problem of the near future arises. The main risk factors for the development of ischemic disorders of the cerebral circulation include oblique and aging, arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and heart disease. An effective strategy for the prevention of cerebrovascular events is based on the implementation of large-scale risk control measures, including the use of antiagregant and anticoagulant therapy, invasive interventions such as atheromectomy, angioplasty and stenting. In this connection, the efforts of neurologists, cardiologists, angiosurgery, endocrinologists and other specialists are the basis for achieving an acceptable clinical outcome. A review of the SF-36 method for assessing the quality of life in patients with the effects of transient ischemic stroke is presented. The assessment of quality of life is recognized in world medical practice and research, an indicator that is also used to assess the quality of the health system and in general sociological research.


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