Microbiological Evaluation of 0.2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouth Rinse in Orthodontic Patients

Abstract Objective: To assess the effectiveness of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse on Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients, aged 13–18, with fixed orthodontic appliances participated in the study. The levels of S mutans and lactobacilli in saliva samples were evaluated at four stages: at the beginning of the orthodontic treatment, at least 2 weeks after the bonding of brackets, 1 week after the introduction of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse, and at the fourth week. The changes in S mutans and lactobacilli levels were analyzed via Wilcoxon test. Results: Increases in bacterial levels of S mutans and lactobacilli were detected after the orthodontic appliances were bonded. A significant decrease in S mutans levels was observed 1 week after the introduction of chlorhexidine mouth rinse. Conclusions: An 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse decreased S mutans levels, but had no effect on lactobacilli levels.

Download Full-text

The effectiveness of a dental gel with barberry extract in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis in orthodontic patients undergoing treatment with fixed appliances

Стоматология детского возраста и профилактика ◽

10.33925/1683-3031-2021-21-1-51-56 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 51-56

Author(s):

A. G. Skubitskaya ◽

I. V. Firsova ◽

S. V. Poroyskyi ◽

O. G. Strusovskaya

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Local Immunity ◽

Group I ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

Fixed Appliances ◽

Group Ii

Relevance. The high necessity in orthodontic treatment among young patients and the use of fixed orthodontic appliances for the treatment of dental pathology are the factors that initiate inflammatory periodontal processes. Timely diagnosis and optimal preventive and treatment procedures can prevent or stop the inflammatory periodontal complications which could have developed during the orthodontic treatment. One of the effective methods for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases is the use of targeted antimicrobial agents based on medicinal plants that have specific antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens. Purpose – to study the effectiveness of the dental gel with barberry extract for the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis in orthodontic patients during the active phase of the treatment with fixed appliances.Materials and methods. The study included 60 patients (35 women and 25 men) aged 18 to 35 years who had presented for the orthodontic care. The patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances were randomly divided into two groups. In group I, the patients were prescribed applications of a dental gel with barberry extract; in group II, this medication was not prescribed. The clinical condition of the periodontium was assessed with periodontal indices PMA, SBI and OHI-S. The immune status was evaluated by the level of secretory IgA, interleukins (IL-1β and IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The patients were followed up during 1 month of treatment. The results were statistically processed with Statsoft Statistica 8.0 and Graph Pad Prism 5.0.Results. In group II, the production of immunoglobulin IgA, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was impaired after a month of treatment, associated with a significant deterioration in the oral hygiene status and an increase in PMA (by 3 times), SBI (by 5.3 times) indices. In group II, the oral fluid concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4 and TNF-α significantly differed from those in group I as of the 7th day of the observation period and indicated suppression of the mucosal immunity. Clinical and immune parameters of the group I patients improved and were comparable with the control by the end of the observation month.Conclusions. Patients with dental abnormalities are at risk of developing inflammatory periodontal diseases. The results of the immunological tests, performed during the treatment with the use of a dental gel with barberry extract, demonstrated the recovery of the local immunity, as evidenced by the elevation of secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva and improvement of cytokine profile parameters.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Gargling with Aqueous Extract of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) on the Oral Hygiene Status of Patients Wearing Fixed Orthodontic Appliance: A Clinical Study

Iraqi Dental Journal ◽

10.46466/idj.v40i1.135 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Munad Jihad Al duliamy

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Taraxacum Officinale ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Tooth Cleaning ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Wide Range ◽

Fixed Appliances

Background: During the course of fixed orthodontic therapy, it is difficult to maintain high standard oral hygiene care by mechanical tooth cleaning only. Therefore, mouthwashes are commonly used as adjunct for mechanical tooth cleaning. Most of the mouthwashes are chemicals and have a wide range of side effects. Plant extracts have stood the test of time as safe inexpensive and available remedy for providing general health care. Objective: The present study attempted to evaluate the efficacy of gargling with aqueous extract of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) on the oral hygiene status of patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. Methods: Eleven male patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances were recruited in the study. All patients were given the same oral hygiene regimen during the study period. Clinical evaluation of OPI (orthodontic plaque index) and salivary streptococcus mutans count were recorded at the first activation visit (three weeks after placement of the orthodontic appliances) which considered the baseline visit and after one week of gargling with the extract. The data were statistically analyzed with SPSS (version 21) using Paired Samples t-test. Result: The results of the statistical analysis revealed that, there were highly significant reductions in both OPI and salivary streptococcus mutans count after one week gargling with aqueous extract of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Conclusion: The present finding concluded that, aqueous extract of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) could be use as a promising ingredient in manufacturing mouthwashs and other dental supplies that contribute in maintaining good oral hygiene during the course of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

Download Full-text

Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on nonmicrobial salivary parameters

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/111317-773.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 88 (6) ◽

pp. 806-811 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ioannis P. Zogakis ◽

Erez Koren ◽

Shlomit Gorelik ◽

Isaac Ginsburg ◽

Miriam Shalish

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Salivary Ph ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

The Difference ◽

Ph Decrease

ABSTRACT Objectives: To examine possible changes in the levels of salivary antioxidants, C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, pH, proteins, and blood in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: Salivary samples from 21 orthodontic patients who met specific inclusion criteria were collected before the beginning of orthodontic treatment (T0; baseline), 1 hour after bonding (T1), and 4–6 weeks after bonding (T2). Oxidant-scavenging ability (OSA) was quantified using a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. Cortisol and CRP levels were measured using immunoassay kits. pH levels and presence of proteins and blood in the samples were quantified using strip-based tests. Results: A significant decrease in salivary pH was observed after bonding (P = .013). An increase in oxidant-scavenging abilities during orthodontic treatment was detected, but the change was not statistically significant. Cortisol and CRP levels slightly increased after bonding, but the difference was small without statistical significance. Changes in the presence of proteins and blood were also insignificant. Conclusions: Exposure to fixed orthodontic appliances did not show a significant effect on salivary parameters related to inflammation or stress, with the exception of a significant but transient pH decrease after bonding.

Download Full-text

Microbiological Evaluation of Octenidine Dihydrochloride Mouth Rinse after 5 Days' Use in Orthodontic Patients

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/062008-322.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 79 (4) ◽

pp. 766-772 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Alev Aksoy Dogan ◽

Emel Sesli Cetin ◽

Emad Hüssein ◽

Ali Kudret Adiloglu

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Lactobacillus Species ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Cariogenic Bacteria ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Octenidine Dihydrochloride ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

Fixed Appliances

Abstract Objective: To determine the absolute and relative antibacterial activity of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) against total and cariogenic bacteria in saliva samples of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances during 5 days of usage. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 5 male and 13 female subjects who were selected from patients in the Clinic of Orthodontics. Each patient was given physiologic saline (PS), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex (PVP-I), and OCT every morning for 5 days, each separated by a 2-week interval. Total and cariogenic bacteria in saliva samples of orthodontically treated patients with fixed appliances were collected during 5 days of usage. Unstimulated saliva was collected as a baseline sample. Saliva samples were collected at 15 minutes, and on the second, third, and fifth day after rinsing the mouth with any of the solutions for 30 seconds, and bacterial counts were detected. Results: OCT showed an ultimate reduction of total viable oral bacteria, Lactobacillus species, and Streptococcus mutans in vivo. OCT also had a significantly greater inhibitory effect than 0.2% CHX and 7.5% PVP-I, from the beginning of the study until the fifth day after the orthodontic appliances were bonded (P < .1). Conclusions: OCT compared favorably with respect to CHX and PVP-I complex in orthodontically treated patients with fixed appliances (P ≤ .1).

Download Full-text

Pain, masticatory performance and swallowing threshold in orthodontic patients

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/s2176-94512013000600018 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 117-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marcos Porto Trein ◽

Karina Santos Mundstock ◽

Leonardo Maciel ◽

Jaqueline Rachor ◽

Gustavo Hauber Gameiro

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Masticatory Performance ◽

Threshold Test ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

Median Particle ◽

Fixed Appliances ◽

Baseline Values ◽

Individual Capacity

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess pain, masticatory performance and swallowing threshold of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. METHODS: Ten patients of both genders (mean age of 17.25 ± 5.21 years), with complete permanent dentition, who underwent orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances were evaluated. The masticatory performance and the swallowing threshold were assessed by patient's individual capacity of fragmenting an artificial test food (Optocal) which was chewed and had the resulting particles processed by a standardized sieving method, presenting the median particle size (MPS) of crushed units. The intensity of pain / discomfort during chewing was evaluated by means of a visual analog scale. All tests were performed at the following times: T0 - before activating the orthodontic appliance; T1 - 24 hours after activation, and T2 - 30 days after activation. RESULTS: The results showed a significant increase in pain at T1 (T0 - 0.60 ± 0.70 mm; T1 - 66.2 ± 34.5 mm), returning to baseline values at T2 (3.20 ± 3.82 mm). Masticatory performance was also reduced in T1 (MPS 10.15 ± 1.1 mm²) in comparison to T0 (MPS 7.01 ± 2.9 mm²) and T2 (MPS 6.76 ± 1.3 mm²). However, particle size was not affected in the swallowing threshold test (T0 - 5.47 ± 2.37 mm²; T1 - 6.19 ± 2.05 mm²; T2 - 5.94 ± 2.36 mm²). CONCLUSION: The orthodontic appliances did not interfere in the size of the particles that would be swallowed, even in the presence of pain.

Download Full-text

The effect of fixed orthodontic treatment with Edgewise and Straightwire techniques on white spot lesions incidence and accumulation of Streptococcus mutans bacteria

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v53.i3.p170-174 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 170

Author(s):

Elfira Maharani ◽

Dyah Karunia ◽

Pinandi Sri Pudyani

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Least Square ◽

White Spot ◽

Control Group ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

White Spot Lesions ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Insignificant Difference

Background: Fixed orthodontic appliances, such as Edgewise and Straightwire techniques, can increase the amount of plaque retention containing Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), which can lead to white spot lesions. Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyse the correlation of fixed orthodontic treatment with Edgewise and Straightwire techniques on the incidence of white spot lesions and accumulation of S. mutans. Methods: The samples consisted of three groups: control group (n=8), Edgewise technique group, and Straightwire technique group. We observed the samples at the sixth month and eighth month of the treatment, after the installation of the fixed orthodontic appliances. The observation of white spot lesions with caries detector was applied in all regions. Bacterial swabs were acquired in the lateral incisor region, then a bacterial culture procedure was carried out on selective media of S. mutans, and then a bacterial count was performed. The data was analysed using two-way ANOVA, the post-hoc least square differences test, and the Pearson’s correlation test. Results: The number of white spot lesions in the Edgewise group was higher than in the Straightwire group in the sixth and eighth month of treatment with insignificant difference (p>0.05). The number of S. mutans bacteria increased in all groups, but there were no significant differences (p>0.05). There was no significant relationship between the number of white spot lesions with the accumulation of S. mutans between groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: The Edgewise and Straightwire techniques increase the incidence of white spot lesions but accumulation of S. mutans with the incidence of white spot lesions has no relationship.

Download Full-text

Clinical and immunological studies of periodontal inflammatory complications at orthodontic treatment using fixed appliances

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kmj1461 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 80-82

Author(s):

G R Khaliullina ◽

S L Blashkova

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Periodontal Inflammation ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Fixed Appliances ◽

Orthodontic Devices

The review of clinical and immunologic studies of periodontal inflammatory diseases is presented. At present, the most effective tools for treatment of malocclusions are fixed orthodontic appliances (dental braces), but the use of fixed appliances complicates the oral hygiene, predisposes to periodontal and gum inflammation. The rate of complications diagnosed during orthodontic treatment stays high. The principles of periodontal inflammatory diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis) treatment are closely related with the causes and mechanisms of periodontal inflammation. Patients who receive orthodontic treatment using braces should be treated as a group with a high risk for inflammatory periodontal diseases. The orthodontic devices stimulate the directed reorganization of periodontal structures achieving optimal aesthetic and functional standards. Physiology of periodontium restructuring is largely determined by the local and general health before, during and after the orthodontic treatment. This article surveys the mechanisms of periodontal damage, highlighting the important role of immune response. So far, only anecdotal descriptions of immune response on the stages of orthodontic treatment are published.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with and without fixed appliances

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/120720-990.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bruno Andrade Pellissari ◽

Gabriela Sergini Pereira Sabino ◽

Roberto Nepomuceno de Souza Lima ◽

Rogério Heládio Lopes Motta ◽

Selly Sayuri Suzuki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Control Group ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Fixed Appliances ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

ABSTRACT Objectives To identify microorganisms isolated from patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances and to evaluate the resistance of isolated bacterial strains to different antimicrobials. Materials and Methods Seventeen healthy patients wearing a fixed orthodontic appliance (group 1) and six nonwearers (group 2, control group) were evaluated. The biofilm that formed around the orthodontic brackets was collected, and the samples were then plated in a chromogenic medium (chromIDT, bioMérieux). Colony-forming units (CFUs) were isolated and inoculated in blood-agar medium. Automated biochemical tests (VITEK 2, bioMérieux) were carried out to identify the genus and species of the microorganisms and the resistance provided by 43 drugs (37 antibacterial and 6 antifungal). Results The most prevalent microbial genera identified in group 1 were Streptococcus (24.0%), Staphylococcus (20.0%), Enterobacter (12.0%), Geobacillus (12.0%), and Candida (12.0%), and the most frequent species were Enterobacter cloacae complex (13.6%) and Staphylococcus hominis (13.6%). In group 2, the most prevalent genera were Streptococcus (57.1%), Staphylococcus (14.2%), Sphingomonas (14.2%), and Enterobacter (14.2%). With regard to antimicrobial resistance, 14 of 19 (74%) isolated bacterial strains were found to be resistant to at least 1 of the tested antimicrobials. Conclusions The findings of the present study suggest that patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances have a more complex biofilm with a higher level of bacterial resistance.

Download Full-text

Improving medical care in patients with chronic catarrhal gingivitis while using fixed orthodontic appliances

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kmj2074 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 95 (2) ◽

pp. 250-253

Author(s):

G R Khaliullina ◽

S L Blashkova ◽

I G Mustafin

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Muramyl Dipeptide ◽

Secretory Iga ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Periodontal Inflammation ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Periodontal Index ◽

Fixed Appliances

Aim. To study the immunostimulating effect of glucosaminyl muramyl dipeptide in the treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment using fixed appliances. Methods. The data of clinical and laboratory examination of the oral health status in 54 patients aged 14-24 years with inflammatory periodontal diseases, undergoing orthodontic treatment using fixed appliances were analyzed. The first group included 26 patients in whom glucosaminyl muramyl dipeptide (1 mg sublingual tablets daily for 10 days) was additionally administered. The second group included 28 patients receiving standard treatment. The treatment efficacy estimation was based on subjective assessment, clinical, microbiological and immunological examinations. Results. After 6 weeks of treatment, there was a statistically significant reduction of simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-s) to 0.85±0.03 in patients of the first group, compared to 1.64±0,061 before treatment. Periodontal index (PI) and PMA index values were 0, reflecting good level of hygiene and no inflammation in periodontal tissues. In the second group, the OHI-s was 1.5±0.06, PI 0.71±0.04 and PMA 18±1.046%, reflecting mild gingivitis after the 6 weeks of treatment. Bacteriology showed that the number of colonies in the first group was reduced by 1-2 orders of magnitude on average after 6 weeks of treatment. Patients of the second group showed a significant (p 0.05) increase in the number of bacterial colonies potentially causing the periodontal inflammation. The level of secretory IgA after 6 weeks of combined treatment in the first patients group was 249.5±39.1 mg/ml, whereas in the second patients group it was 182.2±14.9 mg/ml, indicating the immunostimulating activity of the complex treatment administered in patients of the first group. Conclusion. This study shows the effectiveness of glucosaminyl muramyl dipeptide as immunostumulating drug in combined treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis in patients with dental braces.

Download Full-text

Changes in subgingival microflora after placement and removal of fixed orthodontic appliances

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo ◽

10.2298/sarh1406301z ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 142 (5-6) ◽

pp. 301-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marija Zivkovic-Sandic ◽

Branka Popovic ◽

Jelena Carkic ◽

Nadja Nikolic ◽

Branislav Glisic

Keyword(s):

Statistical Significance ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

Group A ◽

Subgingival Microflora ◽

Fixed Appliances ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Group B ◽

The Right

Introduction. The placement of fixed orthodontic appliances may lead to increased plaque accumulation and changes in subgingival microflora. Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in frequency of subgingival microflora that occur after placement and removal of fixed orthodontic appliance using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods. This study included 33 orthodontic patients, who were divided into two groups. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from the right upper incisor (U1) and right upper first molar (U6). In group A, the samples were taken three times: before placement appliance (T1), after one month (T2), and after 3 months (T3). In group B the samples were also taken three times: before appliance removal (T1), after one month (T2), and after three months (T3). PCR method was used to determine the presence of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia, and P. intermedia. Results. In group A the frequency of P. gingivalis showed statistically significant decrease at U1 (p=0.049) and U6 (p=0.008), from T1 to T2, and at U1 (p=0.048) from T1 to T3. In group B only the frequency of T. forsythia showed a statistically significant decrease, at U6 (T1 vs. T2, p=0.004; T1 vs. T3, p=0.0003). Regarding other analyzed bacteria, changes in the presence were noticed but no statistical significance was found. Conclusion. Placement of fixed appliances may have an impact on subgingival microflora, but in the first months after the placement and removal of the appliance changes were not significant, probably due to good oral hygiene.

Download Full-text