Theoretical Tire Model for Wear Progress of Tires with Tread Pattern Considering Two-Dimensional Contact Patch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Nakajima ◽  
S. Hidano
Keyword(s):  
Shear Force ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Slip Condition ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Slip Ratio ◽  
Contact Patch ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
External Forces

ABSTRACT A new theoretical tire model for the wear progress of tires with tread block pattern is developed considering a two-dimensional contact patch. In the model, the wear energy is calculated from the shear force and pressure distribution in a two-dimensional contact patch that are changed with not only shear forces in a contact patch but also with the wear and irregular wear of tires. The fore–aft shear force in a contact patch consists of six mechanisms related to slip ratio, camber, contact between a tire and a road, barrel deformation of a loaded block, rolling resistance, and a rolling tire with rounded crown shape, whereas the lateral shear force consists of three mechanisms related to slip angle/camber, contact of a tire with rounded crown shape, and barrel deformation of a loaded block. The heel and toe irregular wear and the progress of irregular wear under pure slip condition qualitatively agree with the conventional knowledge of tire engineers. The expected wear energy is introduced to predict the wear progress under combined slip condition in the wear course. Using the vehicle dynamics to predict the tire force history, a histogram of external forces is obtained by transforming from it. Calculating wear energies by changing slip angle and slip ratio, the relation between external forces and the wear energy is expressed as the response surface. Multiplying the wear energy by the histogram, the expected wear energy distribution in a block is calculated. Assuming that the worn depth is proportional to the expected wear energy, the wear progress is predicted.

Theoretical Tire Model Considering Two-Dimensional Contact Patch for Force and Moment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Nakajima ◽  
S. Hidano
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
The Self ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Side Force ◽  
Contact Patch ◽  
Proposed Model

ABSTRACT The new theoretical tire model for force and moment has been developed by considering a two-dimensional contact patch of a tire with rib pattern. The force and moment are compared with the calculation by finite element method (FEM). The side force predicted by the theoretical tire model is somewhat undervalued as compared with the FEM calculation, while the self-aligning torque predicted by the theoretical tire model agrees well with the FEM calculation. The shear force distribution in a two-dimensional contact patch under slip angle predicted by the proposed model qualitatively agrees with the FEM calculation. Furthermore, the distribution of the adhesion region and sliding region in a two-dimensional contact patch predicted by the theoretical tire model qualitatively agrees with the FEM calculation.

Validation of a High-Fidelity Finite Element Tire Model on Pavement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamer Wasfy ◽  
Hatem Wasfy ◽  
Paramsothy Jayakumar ◽  
Srinivas Sanikommu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Longitudinal Force ◽  
Friction Model ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Tire Model

Abstract The objective of this study is to validate a high-fidelity finite element tire model on hard pavement. In this model, the tire rubber matrix is modeled using locking-free brick elements with embedded thin beam elements along the tire’s circumference, meridian, and diagonals for modeling the tire’s reinforcements (belt, ply and bead). The internal air pressure is applied as a distributed force on the inner surface of the brick elements. Frictional contact between the outer surface of the brick elements and the pavement is modeled using the penalty method along with an asperity based Coulomb friction model. In order to validate the tire model, a medium duty truck tire is modeled and the following response quantities are compared to experimental results: (1) normal load versus deflection at different tire pressures; (2) rolling resistance versus speed; (3) longitudinal force versus slip; (4) lateral force versus slip angle for different normal loads; and (5) self-aligning torque versus slip angle for different normal loads.

Prediction of Tire Ground Interaction Using FEA Truck Tire Models

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rustam Ali ◽  
Moustafa El-Gindy ◽  
Ranvir Dhillon ◽  
Trivedi Mukesh ◽  
Fredrik Öijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Vertical Load ◽  
Camber Angle ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Deflection Test ◽  
Tire Models

The advancement of computerized modeling has allowed for the creation of extensive pneumatic tire models. These models have been used to determine many tire properties and tire-road interaction parameters which are either prohibitively expensive or unavailable with physical models. This paper focuses on the prediction of tire-ground interaction with emphasis on individual and combined effect of tire slip angle and camber angle at various operating parameters. The forces generated at tire contact such as rolling resistance, cornering force, aligning moment and overturning moment can be predicted and used to optimize the tire design parameters. In addition to above stated, the three-groove FEA truck tire model representing radial-ply tire of size 295/75R22.5 was used in vertical load deflection test to determine enveloping characteristics under various load conditions and inflation pressures.

Tread Depth Effects on Tire Rolling Resistance

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Luchini ◽  
M. M. Motil ◽  
W. V. Mars
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Equilibrium Test ◽  
Depth Effects

Abstract This paper discusses the measurement and modeling of tire rolling resistance for a group of radial medium truck tires. The tires were subjected to tread depth modifications by “buffing” the tread surface. The experimental work used the equilibrium test method of SAE J-1269. The finite element analysis (FEA) tire model for tire rolling resistance has been previously presented. The results of the testing showed changes in rolling resistance as a function of tread depth that were inconsistent between tires. Several observations were also inconsistent with published information and common knowledge. Several mechanisms were proposed to explain the results. Additional experiments and models were used to evaluate the mechanisms. Mechanisms that were examined included tire age, surface texture, and tire shape. An explanation based on buffed tread radius, and the resulting changes in footprint stresses, is proposed that explains the observed experimental changes in rolling resistance with tread depth.

Application of Computational Mechanics to Tire Design—Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Computational Mechanics ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Crown Shape

Abstract The tire technology related with the computational mechanics is reviewed from the standpoint of yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Yesterday: A finite element method was developed in the 1950s as a tool of computational mechanics. In the tire manufacturers, finite element analysis (FEA) was started applying to a tire analysis in the beginning of 1970s and this was much earlier than the vehicle industry, electric industry, and others. The main reason was that construction and configurations of a tire were so complicated that analytical approach could not solve many problems related with tire mechanics. Since commercial software was not so popular in 1970s, in-house axisymmetric codes were developed for three kinds of application such as stress/strain, heat conduction, and modal analysis. Since FEA could make the stress/strain visible in a tire, the application area was mainly tire durability. Today: combining FEA with optimization techniques, the tire design procedure is drastically changed in side wall shape, tire crown shape, pitch variation, tire pattern, etc. So the computational mechanics becomes an indispensable tool for tire industry. Furthermore, an insight to improve tire performance is obtained from the optimized solution and the new technologies were created from the insight. Then, FEA is applied to various areas such as hydroplaning and snow traction based on the formulation of fluid–tire interaction. Since the computational mechanics enables us to see what we could not see, new tire patterns were developed by seeing the streamline in tire contact area and shear stress in snow in traction.Tomorrow: The computational mechanics will be applied in multidisciplinary areas and nano-scale areas to create new technologies. The environmental subjects will be more important such as rolling resistance, noise and wear.

Normalization of Tire Force and Moment Data

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Radt ◽  
D. A. Glemming
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Slip Ratio ◽  
Tire Force ◽  
Camber Angle ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Overturning Moment ◽  
Semi Empirical

Abstract Semi-empirical theories of tire mechanics are employed to determine appropriate means to normalize forces, moments, angles, and slip ratios. Force and moment measurements on a P195/70R 14 tire were normalized to show that data at different loads could then be superimposed, yielding close to one normalized curve. Included are lateral force, self-aligning torque, and overturning moment as a function of slip angle, inclination angle, slip ratio, and combinations. It is shown that, by proper normalization of the data, one need only determine one normalized force function that applies to combinations of slip angle, camber angle, and load or slip angle, slip ratio, and load. Normalized curves are compared for the effects of inflation pressure and surface water thickness. Potential benefits as well as limitations and deficiencies of the approach are presented.

An Implicit to Explicit FEA Solving of Tire F&M with Detailed Tread Blocks

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Li ◽  
Ziran R. Li ◽  
Yuanming M. Xia
Keyword(s):  
Test System ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Friction Model ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Slip Ratio ◽  
The Road ◽  
Numerical Noise ◽  
Nonlinear Stress ◽  
Solving Strategy

ABSTRACT A detailed tire-rolling model (185/75R14), using the implicit to explicit FEA solving strategy, was constructed to provide a reliable, dynamic simulation with several modeling features, including mesh, material modeling, and a solving strategy that could contribute to the consideration of the serious numerical noises. High-quality hexahedral meshes of tread blocks were obtained with a combined mapping method. The actual rubber distributing and nonlinear, stress-strain relationship of the rubber and bilinear elastic reinforcement were modeled for realism. In addition, a tread-rubber friction model obtained from the Laboratory Abrasion and Skid Tester (LAT 100) was applied to simulate the interaction of the tire with the road. The force and moment (F&) behaviors of tire cornering when subjected to a slip-angle sweep of −10 to 10° were studied with that model. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed simulation, the computed F&M were compared with experimental results from an MTS Flat-Trac Tire Test System. The computed cornering F&M agreed well with the experimental results, so the footprint shape and contact pressure distribution of several cornering conditions were investigated. Furthermore, the longitudinal forces in response to braking/driving torque application in a slip-ratio range of −100% to 100% were computed. The proposed FEA solution confines the numerical noise within a smaller range and can serve as a valid tool in tire design.

Evolving the Banded Radial Tire

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Markow
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Finite Element Modeling ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Radial Tire ◽  
Puncture Resistance ◽  
Element Modeling

Abstract Development of the banded radial tire is discussed. A major contribution of this tire design is a reliable run-flat capability over distances exceeding 160 km (100 mi). Experimental tire designs and materials are considered; a brief theoretical discussion of the mechanics of operation is given based on initial two-dimensional studies and later on more complete finite element modeling. Results of laboratory tests for cornering, rolling resistance, and braking are presented. Low rolling resistance, good cornering and braking properties, and low tread wear rate along with good puncture resistance are among the advantages of the banded radial tire designs.

Lateral Tire Forces on Wet Roads

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Schallamach
Keyword(s):  
Normal Load ◽  
The Self ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Slip Angle ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Side Force ◽  
Tire Forces

Abstract Expressions are derived for side force and self-aligning torque of a simple tire model on wet roads with velocity-dependent friction. The results agree qualitatively with experimental results at moderate speeds. In particular, the theory correctly predicts that the self-aligning torque can become negative under easily realizable circumstances. The slip angle at which the torque reverses sign should increase with the normal load.

Investigation of slip/no-slip surface for two-dimensional large tilting pad thrust bearing

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 995-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixiang Song ◽  
Fei Guo ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Songtao Hu ◽  
Xiangfeng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Slip Surface ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Slip Condition ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Boundary Slip ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tilting Pad ◽  
Turbulence Effect

Purpose This paper aims to present the slip/no-slip design in two-dimensional water-lubricated tilting pad thrust bearings (TPTBs) considering the turbulence effect and shifting of pressure centers. Design/methodology/approach A numerical model is established to analyze the slip condition and the effect of turbulence according to a Reynolds number defined in terms of the slip condition. Simulations are carried out for eccentrically and centrally pivoted bearings and the influence of different slip parameters is discussed. Findings A considerable enhancement in load capacity, as well as a reduction in friction, can be achieved by heterogeneous slip/no-slip surface designs for lubricated sliding contacts, especially for near parallel pad configurations. The optimized design largely depends on the pivot position. The load capacity increases by 174 per cent for eccentrically pivoted bearings and 159 per cent for centrally pivoted bearings for a suitable design. When slip zone locates at the middle of the radial direction or close to the inner edge, the performance of the TPTB is better. Research limitations/implications The simplification of slip effect on the turbulence (definition of Reynolds number) can only describe the trend of the increasing turbulence due to slip condition. The accurate turbulence expression considering the boundary slip needs further explorations. Originality/value The shifting of pressure center due to the slip/no-slip design for TPTBs is investigated in this study. The turbulence effect and influence of slip parameters is discussed for large water-lubricated bearings.

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