scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF THE GENDER IN THE IRANIAN LANGUAGES .

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Б. САТЦАЕВ ◽  
E.B. SATTSAEV
Keyword(s):  
Southern Urals ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
New Era ◽  
The North ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Northwest India

В статье исследуются вопросы эволюции категории рода в иранских языках. Особое внимание отводится исследованию западно- и восточноиранских языков в исторической перспективе. На основе широкого спектра лингвистических данных подробно описаны и охарактеризованы как общие черты, так и особенности грамматики языков иранской группы. Последняя входит в индоевропейскую языковую семью, представленную в настоя- щее время на обширном географическом пространстве. Наиболее многочисленной ветвью данной семьи является индоиранская, включающая в себя индоарийские и иранские языки, обособление которых началось с миграций предков современных индоариев в северо-запад- ную Индию. История ираноязычных племен и народностей, территория расселения ко- торых в прошлом простиралась от берегов Черного моря на западе до границ Китая на востоке и от Южного Урала на севере до берегов Персидского залива и Индии на юге, охва- тывает огромный временной промежуток — от II тыс. до н.э. вплоть до наших дней. Ди- алекты многих из них еще на рубеже двух эр сохраняли значительную степень единства, унаследованного от общего древнеиранского языка-основы, близкого к авестийскому. The article investigates the evolution of gender in the Iranian languages. Special attention is given to the study of West and East Iranian languages in the historical perspective. On the basis of a wide range of various linguistic data the generalities and peculiarities of the grammar of Iranian languages, especially the category of gender, are described and characterized in detail. Iranian linguistic group belongs to the family of Indo-European languages, which are currently spoken on a vast territory. The most numerous branch of this family is Indo-Iranian, which includes Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages. Their separation began with the migrations of the ancestors of modern Indo- Aryans to Northwest India. The history of Iranian-speaking tribes and peoples, who in the past lived on the geography stretching from the shores of Black sea in the west to the borders of China in the east and from the southern Urals in the north to the shores of the Persian Gulf and India in the south, covers a vast period of time — from the II millennium BC up to the present day. The dialects of many tribes by the turn of the new era still retained a significant degree of initial community, inherited from the ancient Iranian source language close to Avestan.

scholarly journals ИСТОРИЯ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО МУЗЕЯ ЮЖНОГО УРАЛА (HISTORY OF FORMATION OF THE STATE MUSEUM OF THE SOUTHERN URALS)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Antipin
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
The State ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Truth ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region

The article reconstructs the initial period of the history of the state historical Museum of the southern Urals (Chelyabinsk). The purpose of the article is to determine the date of Foundation of the Museum, for which a wide range of archival sources is analyzed. In the modern Museum, the date of Foundation is July 1, 1923. The article proves that the date of Foundation of the Museum should be considered September 5, 1913, when a meeting of teachers, local historians and representatives of local authorities was held in Chelyabinsk, where a decision was made to organize a natural history Museum and a local branch of the Ural society of natural history lovers. The article shows that the period of 1913-1923 in the history of the Museum is full of events, the continuity from the first collection to the opening on July 1, 1923 is traced. In the article, the author also considers the issues of commemoration, the formation and development of the Museum, and the development of the Museum during the civil war. According to the author, strengthening the connection of one of the most important cultural institutions of the Chelyabinsk region – the State historical Museum of the southern Urals with the pre-revolutionary past is not only a tribute to scientific truth, but also an important image step that allows you to record deep cultural traditions in Russia

The European Circulation of Nordic Texts in the Romantic Period

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Rix
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Old Norse ◽  
Romantic Period ◽  
The North ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Original Manuscript ◽  
History Of

From the 1750s until the 1840s, the interest in Icelandic manuscripts of mythology and heroic sagas, as well as various forms of Nordic folklore, entered a new phase. One of the central reasons for this was an emergent attention to vernacular, national, and even primitive literature associated with the rise of Romanticism. Investigations of the Nordic past had been carried out before this time, and a popular craze for all things “Viking” came later in the 19th century, but the Romantic period marks a major juncture in relation to providing the Old North with cultural meaning. If the intellectual history of rediscovering Old Norse texts (i.e., poetry and prose written in the North Germanic language until the 14th century, known primarily from Icelandic manuscripts) and medieval Nordic folklore (found in medieval ballads, sagas, and heroic legends) differed in various European countries, there was also a remarkable sense of common aim and purpose in the reception history as it developed during the Romantic period. This was because European scholars and writers had come to see medieval Nordic texts as epitomizing the manners and literature of a common Germanic past. In particular, Old Norse texts from Icelandic manuscripts were believed to preserve the pre-Christian religion, as this was once shared by Scandinavians, Anglo-Saxons, Germans, and the Franks. Thus, interest in such texts circulated with particular intensity between Scandinavia, Germany, and Britain, as well as, to a lesser degree, France. Paradoxically, if medieval Nordic texts were seen as wild and unwieldy pieces, unaffected by classical learning and sophistication, they were also sought out as triumphant records of the vernacular and national. In addition to this, the untamed use of fantastic and sublime elements in these texts fitted into a new Romantic emphasis on the primitive and imaginative resources of literature. There are three interrelated areas in which Nordic texts made an impact. The first of these was in the field of antiquarian studies. Scholars had taken an interest in the texts and culture of the Nordic past beginning in the 17th century, publishing their findings primarily in Latin. But efforts were redoubled after Paul Henri Mallet, a professor at Copenhagen, published a popular history of the Old North (1755) and a selection of Norse poetry (1756) in French. These works gained wide European traction and influenced the reception history in fundamental ways during the Romantic period. The second area of impact was the acceleration of translations and/or adaptations of original manuscript texts that began to appear in modern European languages. But, in effect, a relatively small body of texts were repeated and reworked in various national languages. The third area in which the interest in Nordic literature asserted its impact was among writers and poets, who trawled antiquarian works on Norse history and mythology as an ore to be mined for the purpose of creating—or rather reviving—a national literature. This was a literature that consciously broke with classical models and decorum to provide a new poetic orientation that was both more vernacular and imaginative. The celebration of medieval Nordic literature cannot be treated in isolation, as if it were an independent phenomenon; it was part of a wider revival of ancient national/vernacular literary forms around Europe. To a significant degree, the attention to Old Norse texts was propelled by the phenomenal success that the Gaelic Ossian poetry enjoyed across Europe. Norse poetry was harnessed as a Germanic parallel that could match both the vigor and purported ancientness of the Ossian tradition. Sometimes the Nordic past was invoked as a larger legacy that represented a shared ethno-cultural past; at other times, it was used with a more focused nationalist aim. But, whatever the intent in individual circumstances, the rediscovery of the Old North took place through the circulation of ideas and key texts as part of a wider European exchange.

scholarly journals When was the State Historical Museum of the South Urals founded?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
N. Antipin
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
The State ◽  
South Urals ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Local Branch ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of

The article reconstructs the initial period of the history of the State Historical Museum of the Southern Urals (Chelyabinsk). The purpose of the article is to determine the date of foundation of the museum, for which a wide range of archival sources is analyzed. The modern museum adopted the July 1, 1923 as the founding date. The article proves that the museum’s founding date should be considered September 5, 1913, when a meeting of teachers, local historians and local authorities was held in Chelyabinsk, at which a decision was made to organize natural Museum of History and the local branch of the Ural Society of Natural History Lovers. The article shows that the period 1913—1923. in the history of the museum is filled with events, continuity from the first meeting to the opening on July 1, 1923 can be traced.

scholarly journals Silver ore exploration in the Southern Urals

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-119
Author(s):  
Evgenii A. Kurlaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town ◽  
Ore Exploration

Introduction. Native historiography associates the beginning of Southern Ural industrialization with the construction of first metallurgical works in the 1740s. Historians paid attention to geological exploration in the Urals in the 17th century but they had no idea about the survey areas. Historical archeological study on the edge of the town of Zlatoust in the Southern Urals has managed to find the trace of the largest geological survey expedition aimed at silver ore exploration as far back as 1669–1673. Expedition at that time represented a major military autonomous formation (regiment) under a voivode’s (Slavic title for a war-leader) command. A large number of participants was due to the need for great manpower and protection from hostile nomads Research aim is to introduce unique discoveries in the history of mining into professional scientific use. Methodology. When analyzing the historical material, the methods of field survey and investigation on the documents of ancient mining remains have been developed. Results. The sequence of events has been retraced in the article, geological survey and mining areas and stages have been determined. Organizational structure, quantity, aims and results of the largest geological survey expedition in the history of Russia have been defined. Mining traces have been discovered being a unique monument to the history of mining in the 17th century.

scholarly journals Стоянка среднего палеолита в пещере Иманай-1 на Южном Урале: предварительные итоги археологических исследований

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1271-1291
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav G. Kotov ◽  
◽  
Mikhail M. Rumyantsev ◽  
Dmitry O. Gimranov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Urals ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Middle Paleolithic ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Ural Mountain ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Cave Bear ◽  
The North ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Stone Industry

Introduction. Imanai-1 Cave is a new monument of the Middle Paleolithic in the Southern Urals. It was discovered by the authors in 2009 and is located in the west of the Ural mountain system, in the interfluve of the Belaya and Nugush Rivers, on the border of the mountain-forest and steppe zones. Goals. The paper aims to introduce preliminary results of archaeological investigations into scientific discourse. Results. The cave is of a tunnel type, its 70 m long passage ending with a far hall which contained bones of a small cave bear and a cave lion. The monument is multi-layered. The first cultural horizon contained 399 items of stone and bone. Tools make up to 60 % of all stone products, while cores and scales are absent, therefore, primary and secondary processing was carried out outside the far hall. The stone industry is characterized by the use of shards and amorphous flint chips. The working areas were made out with monofacial and bifacial retouching, incisal cleavage. The tools are of the following types: 3 Mousterian bifacial points, 4 convergent side-scrapers with bifacial processing, butt knives, some with bifacial processing ― 6 items, carvers on fragments and amorphous chips ― 229 items (59 %), points ― 19 items (5 %), tools with a thorn ― 13 items (3 %), incisors ― 21 items (5 %). At the base of the first cultural horizon, a skull of a small cave bear with an artificial hole made with a stone spearhead was found. The industry of the site has numerous analogies at the Ilskaya-1 site in the North Caucasus and in the materials of the upper layer of the Kiik-Koba grotto in the Crimea, as well as at other sites of the Middle Paleolithic of the Tayacian tradition. Three uncalibrated dates show the interval from 26 to 42 thousand years. This indicates the finale of the Mousterian era.

“…I AM CONVINCED THAT THERE WILL BE A KABARDIAN AUTONOMOUS OKRUG AND I WILL SUPPORT THE WILL Of THE WORKERS”. DOCUMENTS AND MATERIALS ON THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE KABARDINSKY DISTRICT FROM THE MOUNTAIN ASSR IN 1921

Kavkazologiya ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
A.G. KAZHAROV ◽  
◽  
M.S. TAMAZOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Interest ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Republic ◽  
North Ossetia

The published documents were found in the archives of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. These are the materials of the meetings of the Soviet and party authorities of the Mountain Republic, which were devoted to the discussion of the problem of Kabarda's secession from the polyethnic mountain autonomy. The Kabardian problem was discussed several times by the leadership of the Mountain Republic in June 1921 before and after the congress of the peoples of Kabarda that took place this month. The minutes of the meetings have not yet been published in the published thematic collections of documents dedicated to the history of the nation-building of the peoples of the North Caucasus. The documents contribute to the understanding of the position of the statesmen of the Mountain Republic on the formation of new autonomous units and the identification of the concrete historical content of these processes. The protocols make it possible to reconstruct the process of not only the disintegration of the collective mountain statehood, but also make it possible to clarify important points in the history of its creation. Party and Soviet leaders often returned to the problems of the initial stage of the formation of the Mountain Republic. Further study of the problems of the formation of a system of national autonomies in the North Caucasus in recent times will largely depend, including on the introduction of new documents into scientific circulation and their interpretation by a wide range of researchers. In this regard, the published documents and materials are of great scientific interest.

scholarly journals Justifying the productivity of a grain dryer in the climate of the Southern Urals

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 01012
Author(s):  
Sergey Shepelev ◽  
Dmitry Vnukov ◽  
Vladimir Chumakov ◽  
Oleg Polushkin ◽  
Viacheslav Lebedenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Urals ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Field Simulation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Grain Drying ◽  
Combine Harvesters ◽  
Production Losses ◽  
Rational Range

The use of grain-drying complexes is established to make possible to start harvesting before the crops are fully ripened, to shorten the harvesting period, to increase the productivity of combine harvesters and reduce production losses. An economic and mathematical model is developed to justify the productivity of grain-drying equipment, taking into account the rate of grain supplied from the field. Simulation made possible to reveal the rational productivity of a grain dryer taking into account a wide range of natural and production factors. The dependence of the operation of combine harvesters on the moisture content of the grain mass is obtained. It is established that the use of crops with different growing periods in crop rotation makes possible to expand the rational range of harvesting equipment and grain-cleaning complexes, to reduce the total cost of production.

Layard's drawings of the incised decorations on the Nimrud reliefs compared with the originals

Iraq ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Bartl
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Political Art ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The orthostats from the North-West Palace of Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BC) at Nimrud are among the most outstanding works of art from the Ancient Near East. Today they are to be found in museums all over the world and are looked at every day by thousands of visitors. Numerous books and articles have been written about their style, their meaning and their reconstruction. Thus one would think that nothing could have escaped the eye of observers. Nevertheless, some details have been largely overlooked by researchers. Among these is the incised decoration on the edges of the garments of some of the figures depicted, showing a wide range of simple geometric and floral designs as well as complex mythical and narrative scenes. It thus forms a valuable part of the repertoire of Neo-Assyrian artistic motifs and can help us understand the essence and meaning of Neo-Assyrian political art. The evidence of these incised decorations is not only of importance for the history of art but is also fundamental to the understanding of the significance of the clothes and of the figures wearing them, forming an integral and essential part of the mythical symbolic character of the figures.

ADZHIEL TRACT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE LOCAL HISTORY OF THE CRIMEAN AZOV REGION: KEY RESULTS AND PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6/2) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Sergey V. YARTSEV ◽  
Viktor G. ZUBAREV ◽  
Sergey L. SMEKALOV
Keyword(s):  
Local History ◽  
The State ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
The North ◽  
Kerch Peninsula ◽  
Azov Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Eastern Crimea ◽  
History Of

The object of the research is the peculiarities of the historical process on the Kerch Peninsula in the context of the local history of one of its regions. The authors conduct a detailed study of the most inhabited region of the Crimean Azov region – the Adzhiel tract, located in the western part of the peninsula to the territory adjacent to the Kazantip Bay. This gully, which goes in the north-western and south-eastern direction, fences off a significant part of the Kerch peninsula and represents one of the natural protective boundaries of the Eastern Crimea. The subject of research is to reconstruct the historical picture of the area, to define the main results and prospects for further research. Relying on a wide range of sources, primarily on the archaeological material of their own perennial excavations in the specified area, with the use of the source analysis method, the authors consider the known facts and events of the ancient history of the Kerch Peninsula in a new way. The methodological basis of the work is objectivity and historicism, which contributed to conducting of unbiased research. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time on a wide material, the stages of the historical development of one of the regions of the Kerch Peninsula were highlighted and the actual directions for further research in this area were identified. Due to the abundance of water and fertile soil, the Adzhiel tract was almost always inhabited by people. However, the most intense events occurred in the tract in the era of the Bosporus kingdom, when a system of defensive fortifications of the western borders of the state functioned here. Perhaps this system was more complicated than it previously seemed. This is indicated by the remains of another, previously unknown tower discovered by the authors in 2018. Thus, the authors conclude that the further prospects of research in the Adzhiel tract are connected both with the detailed reconstruction of the defence system of the Bosporus on the western frontiers of the state and also with the continuation of the study of Christian antiquities, including medieval time, and the religious life of the population of the Khazar Khaganate.

scholarly journals Eighteenth-Century Samara in the Diary by English Officer of the Orenburg Expedition

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Artistic Heritage ◽  
Collective Representations

This article examines the Diary of the Englishman John Castle, an important source on the history of the Orenburg Expedition (Commission) and regions where it operated. The expedition made a notable contribution to the annexation of new territories in southeast Russia and their development. The Diary is one of the few graphical testimonies on the history of the territory, as Castle was a draughtsman. The Diary was published in German in 1784 while a translation into Russian was only released in 1998. The article’s author also refers to another translation of parts of the Diary devoted to Samara translated by A. Ognev in the same year. The research demonstrates that Castle’s work contains noteworthy data on matters other than Kazakhstan, which until now has been of primary importance for specialists working with the source. It contains authentic and unique data on the daily life of Russian towns bordering Asian countries in the eighteenth century. The Diary also relates its author’s communications with the outstanding statesmen I. Kirilov and V. Tatishchev, Castle’s superiors. They headed the Orenburg Expedition (Commission) when its headquarters was located in Samara. Foreign specialists worked in the expedition because Russian modernisation relied on progressive foreign experience and a policy of attracting foreigners into Russian service. The view of a non-Russian expert on local realities is important given the presence of many actors on the outskirts of the empire. Social groups, including foreigners who served in Russia, participated in the process of forming “collective representations” of a society undergoing modernisation. This process had its own peculiarities in territories where modernisation and colonisation via the “frontier model”: Bashkiria, the Southern Urals, the Trans-Urals, and the Trans-Volga regions. Beyond any doubt, the search for and analysis of the written and artistic heritage of foreign witnesses of the development of southeastern Russia in the first half of the eighteenth century will add to our knowledge about an important epoch of Russian history and the life of its southeastern territories.

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