scholarly journals Covid-19: less bronchial airways, more lung alveolar space and blood ways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Roca ◽  
C. Lombardi
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Space

Effects of fetal corticosteroid treatments on postnatal surfactant function in preterm lambs

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 846-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ueda ◽  
M. Ikegami ◽  
D. Polk ◽  
K. Mizuno ◽  
A. Jobe
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Dynamic Compliance ◽  
Alveolar Space ◽  
Prenatal Treatment ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Arterial Pco2 ◽  
Alveolar Surfactant ◽  
Pool Sizes

Effects of prenatal corticosteroid on the properties of surfactant have not previously been evaluated. A single ultrasound-guided fetal injection with 0.5 mg/kg betamethasone 48 h before delivery of preterm lambs at 134- to 135-days gestation improved oxygenation, lowered the ventilatory pressures required to maintain arterial PCO2 between 30 and 40 Torr and decreased the protein leak of albumin from the intravascular to the alveolar space. This dose of glucocorticoid did not alter surfactant-saturated phosphatidylcholine pool sizes in the airspaces of preterm lambs. However, the treatment changed the characteristics of the surfactant recovered from the ventilated preterm lambs. The in vitro conversion from heavy to light subtype surfactant decreased from 59% for the saline-treated lambs to 37% for the corticosteroid-treated lambs after 180 min of surface area cycling (P < 0.02). Surfactant from the corticosteroid-treated lambs also increased the dynamic compliance of preterm surfactant-deficient rabbits more than did surfactant from the saline-treated lambs (P < 0.05). Prenatal treatment of preterm lambs with betamethasone improved the functional characteristics of surfactant without significant effects on the alveolar surfactant pool sizes.

scholarly journals Comparison of Reversal of Rat Pulmonary Fibrosis of Nintedanib, Pirfenidone and Human Umbilical Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Wharton’s Jelly

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo-An Chu ◽  
Chang-Ching Yeh ◽  
Fu-Hsien Kuo ◽  
Wen-Ren Lin ◽  
Chien-Wei Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Collagen Deposition ◽  
Alveolar Space ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Umbilical Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract Background:The present study compared the effects of antifibrotic medications, pirfenidone and nintedanib, with transplantation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) in restoring rat pulmonary fibrosis (PF).Methods:A stable animal model was established via an intratracheal injection of 5 mg bleomycin (BLM). One single transplantation of 2.5 × 107 HUMSCs or initiation of daily oral nintedanib/pirfenidone administration was performed on Day 21 following BLM damage.Results:Pulmonary function examination revealed that BLM rats exhibited a significant decrease in blood oxygen saturation and an increase in respiratory rates. While no significant improvements were found in BLM rats receiving nintedanib or pirfenidone, those who transplanted with HUMSCs showed statistical amelioration in blood oxygen saturation and significant alleviation in respiratory rates. Quantification results revealed that a significant reduction in alveolar space and marked increases in substantial cell infiltration and collagen deposition in the left lungs of BLM rats. No significant alteration was observed in BLM rats administered nintedanib or pirfenidone. However, BLM rats transplanted with HUMSCs had a significant recovery in alveolar space and noticeable decreases in cell infiltration and collagen deposition. The inflammatory cell numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage was increased in the BLM group. While the rats treated with nintedanib or pirfenidone had a lower cell number than the BLM group, a higher cell number was found as compared with the Normal group. In rats transplanted with HUMSCs, the cell number did not differ from the Normal group.Conclusions:Transplantation of HUMSCs could effectively treat PF as opposed to the administration of anti-fibrotic drugs with nintedanib or pirfenidone with significant better result in lung volume, pathological changes, lung function and blood oxygen saturation.

scholarly journals Seropathological Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii in Stray Cats in Baghdad Province

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
Mohammed J. Alwan
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Alveolar Space ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Pathological Lesions ◽  
Stray Cats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adult Cat ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Local Necrosis

The current study was performed an investigation in seropositive stray cats with Toxoplasma gondii and to correlate the results of pathological lesions with seropositive results of the cats. To achieve these goals, fifty blood samples and specimens from internal organs (liver, spleen, brain, kidney, intestine and lung) of stray cats were collected from different area of Baghdad Province during the period 1.10.2011-1.10.2012. Seropositive ELISA-IgG was demonstrated that 66 % of stray cats while female expressed (75 %) of seropositive ELISA-IgG were higher than male (30% ) and animals with average age 2months showed high percentage of seropositive ELISA-IgG (100%) as compared with age (adult cat) that expressed( 63.82 %) of seropositive. There was a significant difference (P≤0.01) among positive cases to anti-Toxoplasma ELISA-IgG. Severe pathological lesions were noticed in the lungs ,livers and intestines of animals that expressed high (optical density) (OD) of anti-Toxoplasma IgG ,in addition ,tachyzoits intracytoplasm of alveolar macrophages and hepatocytes as well as free zoites in alveolar space of the lung, were reported. Local necrosis with tachyzoites was seen in the brain of the cats, in addition to mineralization. On bases of the presence of pathological lesions in cats that expressed seropositive anti-Toxoplasma antibodies, it can be conclude that T.gondii is responsible for the appearance of inflammatory reaction in the internal organs of cats and there is a correlation between seropositive and pathological lesions of T.gondii infection and this parasite is highly distributed in Baghdad stray cats and it may be an important cause of abortion in the women.

Altered expression and localization of 5-lipoxygenase accompany macrophage differentiation in the lung

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. L303-L310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randal B. Covin ◽  
Thomas G. Brock ◽  
Marc B. Bailie ◽  
Marc Peters-Golden
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Calcium Ionophore ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Peripheral Blood Monocyte ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Alveolar Space ◽  
Macrophage Differentiation ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Synthetic Capacity

The alveolar macrophage (AM) exhibits a greater capacity to synthesize bioactive leukotrienes from arachidonic acid than does its circulating precursor the peripheral blood monocyte. Macrophage differentiation in the lung entails cellular residence within both the pulmonary interstitial and alveolar compartments. In the present study, we sought to determine 1) whether this enhanced metabolic activity was acquired during maturation within the alveolar space and 2) the underlying mechanisms responsible for this upregulation. Rat AMs were separated by Percoll gradient centrifugation into four density-defined subpopulations thought to reflect their degree of maturation. On stimulation with a calcium ionophore, synthesis of leukotriene B4increased with the degree of maturation, although it was diminished in the oldest subpopulation. This maturation-dependent upregulation was not explained by increases in arachidonic acid release but was associated with increased expression of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) protein as determined by immunoblot analysis. Whereas 5-LO is primarily cytosolic in monocytes, it is known to be primarily intranuclear in unfractionated AMs. Here, the localization of 5-LO was investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy and was found to be predominantly nuclear in all AM subpopulations; by contrast, the protein was cytosolic in interstitial macrophages isolated by mechanical and enzymatic lung digestion. These divergent localization patterns in AMs and interstitial macrophages were verified in situ by immunohistochemical staining of sections of normal rat lung. When unfractionated AMs were isolated and maintained in culture for 3 days, a shift in 5-LO distribution from nucleus to cytosol was observed. We conclude that 1) nuclear import of 5-LO occurs within the alveolar space and is reversible on removal from the alveolar milieu and 2) leukotriene synthetic capacity increases further during AM residence within the alveolar space as a result of a progressive increase in the amount of 5-LO protein.

Leukocytes require ADAM10 but not ADAM17 for their migration and inflammatory recruitment into the alveolar space

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 123 (26) ◽  
pp. 4077-4088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Pruessmeyer ◽  
Franz Martin Hess ◽  
Henriette Alert ◽  
Esther Groth ◽  
Tobias Pasqualon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Murine Model ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Leukocyte Recruitment ◽  
Alveolar Space ◽  
Edema Formation ◽  
Cytoskeletal Rearrangement ◽  
Key Points ◽  
And Migration

Key Points ADAM10 but not ADAM17 on leukocytes is essential for chemokine-induced signaling, adhesion, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and migration. Leukocyte-expressed ADAM10 promotes leukocyte recruitment and edema formation in a murine model of acute pulmonary inflammation.

Hydrophilic solute transport across rat alveolar epithelium

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2320-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Berg ◽  
K. J. Kim ◽  
R. L. Lubman ◽  
E. D. Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Alveolar Space ◽  
Apparent Permeability ◽  
Diffusive Flow ◽  
Permeability Surface ◽  
Small Pore ◽  
Pore Area ◽  
Flow Through

Diffusional fluxes of a series of hydrophilic nonelectrolytes (molecular radii ranging from 0.15 to 0.57 nm) were measured across the alveolocapillary barrier in the isolated perfused fluid-filled rat lung. Radiolabeled solutes were lavaged into the distal air spaces of isolated Ringer-perfused lungs, and apparent permeability-surface area products were calculated from the rates of isotope appearance in the recirculating perfusate. These data were used to estimate theoretical equivalent pore radii in the alveolar epithelium, with the assumption of diffusive flow through water-filled cylindrical pores. The alveolar epithelium is best characterized by two pore populations, with small pores (radius 0.5 nm) occupying 98.7% of total pore area and larger pores (radius 3.4 nm) occupying 1.3% of total pore area. Net water flow out of the alveolar space was measured by including an impermeant solute (dextran) in the lavage fluid and measuring its concentration in the alveolar space as a function of time. Under control conditions, net water flow averaged 167 nl/s. When 24 microM terbutaline was added to the perfusate, net water flow increased significantly to 350 nl/s (P less than 0.001). Terbutaline had no effect on the fluxes of either glycerol (which traverses the small pore pathway) or sucrose (which traverses the large pore pathway). These findings indicate that the intact mammalian alveolar epithelium is complex and highly resistant to the flow of solutes and water.

scholarly journals CCR2-Mediated Recruitment of Fibrocytes to the Alveolar Space after Fibrotic Injury

2005 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany B. Moore ◽  
Jill E. Kolodsick ◽  
Victor J. Thannickal ◽  
Kenneth Cooke ◽  
Thomas A. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Space

In-situ imaging of neutrophil activation in the human alveolar space with neutrophil activation probe and pulmonary optical endomicroscopy

The Lancet ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 387 ◽  
pp. S31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Craven ◽  
Tashfeen Walton ◽  
Ahsan Akram ◽  
Neil McDonald ◽  
Emma Scholefield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutrophil Activation ◽  
Alveolar Space ◽  
In Situ Imaging
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