scholarly journals Bench Motor Testing of Blended Fuels on their Basis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
Serhiy Konovalov ◽  
◽  
Liubov Patrylak ◽  
Stepan Zubenko ◽  
Mykhaylo Okhrimenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Complex Character ◽  
Butyl Esters ◽  
Pure Glycerol ◽  
Motor Testing ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Blended Fuels

Alkaline transesterification of sunflower oil by n-butanol and ethanol on alkoxide-containing dried solutions of potassium hydroxide has been carried out. Complex character of spontaneous dividing of butanolysis products, accompanying with formation of three different species of glycerol layers, was observed. One of the later was found to be high-alkaline pure glycerol. Bench motor testing of biodiesel/diesel blends demonstrated slightly better power performance of butyl esters comparing with ethyl esters and regular decrease of harmful emissions (CO2, CO, NOx, CH) while increasing biodiesel fraction in mixture.

The Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1689-1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Roomi ◽  
S. F. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Ethyl Acetoacetate ◽  
Alkyl Group ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Hantzsch Synthesis ◽  
Butyl Esters ◽  
Alkyl Groups

Ethyl esters of 2-alkyl- and 2,4-dialkylpyrrole-3-carboxylic acids are obtained generally by extensions of the Hantzsch synthesis, benzyl and t-butyl esters when the 2-alkyl group is methyl. Hemopyrrole is obtained from butanal and ethyl acetoacetate in three steps. Pyrroles bearing higher alkyl groups or carbobenzoxy groups are reductively alkylated like the corresponding methylpyrroles and carbethoxy derivatives; t-butyl esters do not survive.

scholarly journals Evaluation of ASTM D6584 Method for Biodiesel Ethyl Esters from Sunflower Oil and Soybean/Tallow Mixture and for Biodiesel Methyl Esters from Tung Oil and Soybean/Tung Mixture

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Neves Dias ◽  
Márcia Helena Scherer Kurz ◽  
Cássia Alessandra Maciel Fagundes ◽  
Sergiane Souza Caldas ◽  
Rosilene Maria Clementin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Tung Oil

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some 1-(2-propynyl) and 1-propadienyl derivatives of 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids and similar heterocycles

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Rádl ◽  
Lenka Kovářová ◽  
Jiří Holoubek
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Potassium Carbonate ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Derivatives Of

N-Alkylation of IIIa, IIIb, IIId - IIIf and 9-acridanone with 3-bromopropyne in dimethyl sulfoxide in the presence of potassium carbonate yielded N-(2-propynyl) derivatives IVa - IVe and VIa, respectively. Ethyl esters IVa, IVb, and IVe were hydrolyzed to IVf - IVh, respectively. Compounds IVf, IVg, IVctreated with bases yielded N-propadienyl derivatives Va - Vc. On the other hand 2-substituted compounds IVd and IVh did not change under the same conditions. Compound VIa treated with powdered potassium hydroxide in dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature yielded N-(1-propynyl) derivative VII.

scholarly journals Kinetics of the sunflower oil ethanolysis using CaO as catalyst

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Velickovic ◽  
Jelena Avramovic ◽  
Olivera Stamenkovic ◽  
Vlada Veljkovic
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Reaction Rate Constant ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Good Agreement

The ethanolysis of sunflower oil catalyzed by calcium oxide was studied in wider ranges of the reaction conditions: temperature 65-75?C, ethanol-to-oil molar ratio 6:1-18:1 and catalyst loading 10-20% in order to determine the reaction kinetics. The proposed kinetic model of the sunflower oil ethanolysis included the changing and first-order reaction mechanism with respect to triacylglycerols and fatty acid ethyl esters. The kinetic parameters were determined and correlated with the process variables. The Arrhenius equation could be applied to the reaction rate constant with the activation energy of 94.0 kJ/mol. The proposed kinetic model showed a good agreement with the experimental data with the mean relative percentage deviation of ?13% (based on 256 data points).

Methanolysis of Low FFA Waste Vegetable Oil using Homogeneous Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: New Process Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.G. Al-Sakkari ◽  
S.T. El-Sheltawy ◽  
A. Soliman ◽  
I. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
New Process ◽  
Liquid Biofuel

Biodiesel is an alternative liquid biofuel consists of a mixture of methyl or ethyl esters. It can be produced through transesterification where low molecular weight alcohol (e.g. methanol or ethanol) reacts with lipid or fat (triglyceride) to produce biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester FAME) and glycerol as a valuable byproduct. The most common method of biodiesel production is base catalyzed transesterification where alkaline material such as potassium hydroxide is used as a catalyst. This paper presents a suggested new process design of a biodiesel plant that treats about 24 tons/ day of low free fatty acids, FFA, waste vegetable oil and WVO.

Calculation and Analysis of the Thermophysical Parameters of Micro-Emulsified Ethanol-Diesel Blended Fuel

2012 ◽  
Vol 271-272 ◽  
pp. 121-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Hu ◽  
Ping Sun ◽  
Hai Qiang Ning ◽  
De Qing Mei
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Empirical Formulas ◽  
Thermophysical Parameters ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Blended Fuel ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Blended Fuels ◽  
And Diffusion

The micro-emulsified ethanol-diesel blended fuel is an ideal alternative oxygenous fuel for diesel engines due to its physical and chemical properties and excellent combustion characteristics. Fueled with this fuel, a diesel engine can give off remarkably lower harmful emissions,especially particulate. It is necessary to take into account instantaneous variations of the thermophysical parameters of blended fuels with temperature and pressure. For these reasons, this paper use the empirical formulas calculates the thermophysical parameters of this blended fuel，including the specific heat capacity, viscosity, thermal conductivity and diffusion coefficient. And the effects of the temperature, pressure and ethanol content on the initial blended fuel’s condition are investigated. The results show that the addition of some ethanol to the diesel oil can contribute to the evaporation of the micro-emulsified ethanol-diesel blended fuel, and these empirical formulas are able to be employed to calculate the thermophysical parameters of this blended fuel.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE): A New, Green and Renewable Solvent for the Extraction of Carotenoids from Tomato Waste Products

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4388
Author(s):  
Aurel Diacon ◽  
Ioan Călinescu ◽  
Mircea Vinatoru ◽  
Petre Chipurici ◽  
Alexandru Vlaicu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Food And Beverage

Currently there is a drive towards the minimisation and reclamation of valuable materials from the waste products of the food and beverage industry. This can be achieved through the extraction of residual nutraceuticals from such materials. Tomato pomace contains carotenoids and other chemicals which can be extracted directly into edible oils to improve the health-giving properties of such oils. We report here a novel green solvent, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), which is significantly more effective than sunflower oil and hexane for the extraction of lycopene and beta-carotene from tomato skin waste. FAEE are a non-toxic renewable resource that is environmentally friendly and to our knowledge has never been used as a vegetal extraction fluid. The efficiency of FAEE extraction was significantly improved relative to both sunflower oil and hexane under ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions. In addition, FAEE have the additional and significant advantage that once enriched with the extracted nutraceuticals can be used directly as a food additive.

scholarly journals Influence of various cosolvents on the calcium oxide-catalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-265
Author(s):  
Dusica Djokic-Stojanovic ◽  
Zoran Todorovic ◽  
Dragan Troter ◽  
Olivera Stamenkovic ◽  
Ljiljana Veselinovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Ethyl ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Stirred Reactor ◽  
Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether

Ten organic solvents (triethanolamine, diethanolamine, ethylene glycol, methyl ethyl ketone, n-hexane, triethylamine, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, glycerol, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane) were applied as cosolvents in the CaO-catalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil performed in a batch stirred reactor under the following reaction conditions: temperature 70 ?C, ethanol-to-oil mole ratio 12:1, initial catalyst concentration 1.374 mol?L-1 and amount of cosolvent 20 % based on the oil amount. The main goals were to assess the effect of the used cosolvents on the synthesis of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and to select the most efficient one with respect to the final FAEE content, reaction duration and safety profile. In the absence of any cosolvent, the reaction was rather slow, providing a FAEE content of only 89.7?1.7 % after 4 h. Of the tested cosolvents, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and ethylene glycol significantly accelerated the ethanolysis reaction, whereby the last two provided a final FAEE content of 93.1?2.1 and 94.1?1.5 %, respectively, within 0.5 h. However, because of its safety profile, triethanolamine was selected as the best cosolvent for the ethanolysis of sunflower oil catalyzed by calcined CaO.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Production of Ecodiesel by Using a Commercial Lipase CALB, Immobilized by Physical Adsorption on Mesoporous Organosilica Materials

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1350
Author(s):  
Carlos Luna ◽  
Victoria Gascón-Pérez ◽  
Francisco J. López-Tenllado ◽  
Felipa M. Bautista ◽  
Cristóbal Verdugo-Escamilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica ◽  
Enzymatic Production ◽  
Mesoporous Organosilica ◽  
Silica Supports ◽  
Organosilica Materials ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The synthesis of two biocatalysts based on a commercial Candida antarctica lipase B, CALB enzyme (E), physically immobilized on two silica supports, was carried out. The first support was a periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) and the second one was a commercial silica modified with octyl groups (octyl-MS3030). The maximum enzyme load was 122 mg enzyme/g support on PMO and 288 mg enzyme/g support on octyl-MS3030. In addition, the biocatalytic efficiency was corroborated by two reaction tests based on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate (p-NPA) and tributyrin (TB). The transesterification of sunflower oil with ethanol was carried out over the biocatalysts synthesized at the following reaction conditions: 6 mL sunflower oil, 1.75 mL EtOH, 30 °C, 25 μL NaOH 10 N and 300 rpm, attaining conversion values over 80% after 3 h of reaction time. According to the results obtained, we can confirm that these biocatalytic systems are viable candidates to develop, optimize and improve a new methodology to achieve the integration of glycerol in different monoacylglycerol molecules together with fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) molecules to obtain Ecodiesel.

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