70 CE–1492

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maristella Botticini ◽  
Zvi Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
First Century ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Land Of Israel

This chapter describes how many Jews there were, where they lived, and how they earned their living from the time of the destruction of the Second Temple to the mass expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian Peninsula. During the six centuries between the time of Jesus and the time of Muhammad, the number of Jews declined precipitously. Throughout these six centuries, most Jews earned their living from agriculture, as farmers, sharecroppers, fixed-rent tenants, or wage laborers. During the first century, the largest Jewish community dwelled in the Land of Israel. By the mid-twelfth century, Jews could be found in almost all locations from Tudela in Spain to Mangalore in India. By then, their transition into urban skilled occupations was complete. Their specialization into these occupations remains their distinctive feature until today.

The Social and Cultural Background of Rashi’s Work

Rashi ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Avraham Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
First Century ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Political Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Polemics

This chapter discusses the social and cultural background of Rashi's work. According to evidence preserved in the literary accounts and archaeological findings, Jews began to settle in what is now France during Roman times, in the first century CE. That settlement continued uninterrupted until Rashi's time. In general, Jews continued to do well in France. Nevertheless, the weakness of the central government and the ascendancy of local fiefdoms meant that their social and political status differed in each of the feudal states that made up eleventh-century France, depending upon the good will of the local rulers. Two developments during the eleventh and twelfth centuries influenced Jewish economic and intellectual life and the internal organization of the Jewish community: the growth of cities and the European intellectual renaissance. The chapter then looks at the Jewish community in Troyes and the Jewish centre in Champagne; the twelfth-century renaissance; and the Jewish–Christian religious polemics.

Philo of Alexandria

2019 ◽  
pp. 299-316
Author(s):  
Gregory E. Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
First Century ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Philo Of Alexandria ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Foregone Conclusion

The largest corpus of Jewish writings from the Second Temple period was preserved not by Jews, but by Christians. This chapter explores the transmission of the writings of Philo of Alexandria by using “historical contingency” to address why Christians preserved the works of Philo. It identifies four major contingencies: the destruction of the Alexandrian Jewish community in 115–117 CE, Origen’s move from Alexandria to Caesarea c. 232 CE and the impact on the Episcopal library, Philo’s role in the embassy of 38 CE and the later Latin translation of some of his works, and the adoption of a selection of Philo’s texts in the curriculum at Constantinople and the translation of selections from his work into Armenian. The preservation of Philo’s corpus was not a foregone conclusion in the first century CE. If any of these events had turned out differently, we would have lost the bulk or a significant portion of his writings.

Creating Meaning in the Present by Reviewing the Past: Communal Memory in the Psalms of Solomon

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-392
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Gordley
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Communal Memory ◽  
Psalms Of Solomon ◽  
Creating Meaning

This article examines Psalms of Solomon with an eye toward how these compositions may have functioned within the setting of a first-century B. C. E. Jewish community in Jerusalem. Several of these psalms should be understood as didactic hymns providing instruction to their audience through the medium of psalmody. Attention to the temporal register of Pss. Sol. 8, 9, and 17 shows how the poet’s use of historical review and historical allusion contributed to a vision of present reality and future hope, which the audience was invited to embrace. Issues relating to the place of these psalms in the tradition of Solomonic discourse are also addressed insofar as they contribute to the didactic function of this psalm collection.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND THE ACCOUNTING AND ECONOMIC PRACTICES OF A SOCIETY: EVIDENCE FROM THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Herda ◽  
Stephen A. Reed ◽  
William F. Bowlin
Keyword(s):  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Dead Sea Scrolls ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
First Century ◽  
Second Temple Period ◽  
Economic Practices ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Relationship

This study explores the Dead Sea Scrolls to demonstrate how Essene socio-religious values shaped their accounting and economic practices during the late Second Temple period (ca. first century BCE to 70 CE). Our primary focus is on the accounting and commercial responsibilities of a leader within their community – the Examiner. We contend that certain sectarian accounting practices may be understood as ritual/religious ceremony and address the performative roles of the Essenes' accounting and business procedures in light of their purity laws and eschatological beliefs. Far from being antithetical to religious beliefs, we find that accounting actually enabled the better practice and monitoring of religious behavior. We add to the literature on the interaction of religion with the structures and practices of accounting and regulation within a society.

The geography of climate migration

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Michał Burzyński ◽  
Frédéric Docquier ◽  
Hendrik Scheewel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Migration ◽  
First Century ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Internal Mobility ◽  
Almost All

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the long-term effects of climate change on the mobility of working-age people. We use a world economy model that covers almost all the countries around the world, and distinguishes between rural and urban regions as well as between flooded and unflooded areas. The model is calibrated to match international and internal mobility data by education level for the last 30 years, and is then simulated under climate change variants. We endogenize the size, dyadic, and skill structure of climate migration. When considering moderate climate scenarios, we predict mobility responses in the range of 70–108 million workers over the course of the twenty-first century. Most of these movements are local or inter-regional. South–South international migration responses are smaller, while the South–North migration response is of the “brain drain” type and induces a permanent increase in the number of foreigners in OECD countries in the range of 6–9% only. Changes in the sea level mainly translate into forced local movements. By contrast, inter-regional and international movements are sensitive to temperature-related changes in productivity. Lastly, we show that relaxing international migration restrictions may exacerbate the poverty effect of climate change at origin if policymakers are unable to select/screen individuals in extreme poverty.

scholarly journals Provincia Iudaea: Eliana, Masada, Aelia Capitolina

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (43) ◽  
pp. 68-70
Author(s):  
Lynn LiCalsi
Keyword(s):  
Second Temple ◽  
First Century ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Dictionary Entry

Provincia Iudaea is a supplementary reader for beginning and intermediate Latin students. It includes three stories set in first-century Judaea. The stories explain the confrontation between Romans and Jews at this time. The first story unfolds through the eyes of the main character, a young Jewish girl named Eliana. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Eliana and her mother escape to Masada. Many years later, 132 CE, another character, Naomi, completes the narrative about the final struggle between Romans and Jews during the Bar Kochba Revolt. The book concludes with Hadrian's proclamations. Illustrations abound in this reader, giving students an anchor for understanding the narrative. Vocabulary is provided on facing pages so that students can read without the burden of looking up words. Some words appear in the dictionary entry format, whereas others are simply glossed. The reason for this is not to burden students with grammatical details

Biblical Hebrews and the Rhetoric of Republicanism: Seventeenth—Century Portuguese Jews on the Jewish Community

AJS Review ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Bodian
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
The Way

In their rhetoric, the ex-conversos who settled in “lands of freedom” outside the Iberian Peninsula tended to emphasize the anguish and lack of freedom they had endured while in the orbit of the Inquisition–in stark contrast to the free and thriving Jewish collective life they had now built outside it. If the Peninsula had been a swamp of “Egyptian idolatry,” the Jewish ex-converso communities in Amsterdam, Venice, Livorno, and London (to name only the most vibrant) were, by implication, encampments on the way to the Holy Land. Yet one aspect of their new condition subtly undermined the ex-conversos' confidence as Jews vis-a-vis the gentile world. Ever sensitive to their image, they were exquisitely aware of their now unambiguous identification in Christian eyes, not with conviction rewarded, not with faith triumphant, but with a defeated and exiled people.

scholarly journals Reyes y universidades en la Península Ibérica (siglo XIII) = Kings and Universities in the Iberian Peninsula (13th century)

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Adeline Rucquoi
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Península Ibérica

Resumen: La creación de un studium generale en Palencia hacia 1180 por el rey Alfonso VIII de Castilla se enmarca en el gran movimiento de protección del saber, de los maestros y estudiantes que caracteriza el Occidente de la segunda mitad del siglo XII. En España, los reyes son los “defensores” de la fe y deben, por lo tanto, combatir los errores y promover el conocimiento. Crearon así en el reino de Castilla, después del estudio general de Palencia, los de Salamanca (1254) y de Valladolid (vers 1260), así como estudios en Sevilla y Murcia. Los reyes de Aragón, que podían contar con las escuelas de Montpellier, fundaron un estudio general en Lérida en 1300. Poco antes, los reyes de Portugal habían hecho lo mismo en Lisboa. En el siglo XIII, tan sólo las escuelas de Salamanca y la de Montpellier gozaron del título de “universidad de maestros y estudiantes” y de la licencia ubique docendi concedida por los papas.Palabras clave: Universidades, studium, Península Ibérica; Reyes, Salamanca.Abstract: The creation of a studium generale in Palencia around 1180 by King Alfonso VIII of Castile is part of the great movement to protect knowledge, teachers and students that characterizes the West in the second half of the twelfth century. In Spain, kings are the “defenders of faith” and must therefore fight against errors and promote knowledge. In the kingdom of Castile, after Palencia’s schools –studium generale–, they created those of Salamanca (1254) and Valladolid (c. 1260), as well as studia in Seville and Murcia. The kings of Aragon, who could count on the schools of Montpellier, founded a general studium in Lérida in 1300. Shortly before, the kings of Portugal had done the same in Lisbon. In the 13th century, only the schools of Salamanca enjoyed the title of “university of teachers and students” and, with Montpellier, the ubique docendi license granted by the popes.Keywords: Universities, studium, Iberian Peninsula, Kings, Salamanca.

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