Education in Middle America

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Wuthnow
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Boards Of Education ◽  
Public High Schools ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Middle America ◽  
Middle West ◽  
Technological Improvements

This chapter focuses on education in middle America. Education fitting the needs and aspirations of its citizens was an important aspect of life in heartland states from the start. Country schools, private academies, public high schools, and colleges were founded in such numbers during the first few decades of the twentieth century that the region came to be known as the “education belt.” After World War II, state and county boards of education launched a massive campaign to improve and consolidate public schools. Officials promoted education, technological improvements, and research as means of advancing their communities and the region. Colleges and universities throughout the Middle West expanded. The chapter considers issues relating to education in the Middle West, including educational attainment, public funds for education, migration, literacy, racism, the quality of rural education, and inequality between wealthier and poorer school districts.

scholarly journals Field Experiments in Class Size from the Early Twentieth Century

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah Rockoff
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Mixed Messages

A vast majority of adults believe that class size reductions are a good way to improve the quality of public schools. Reviews of the research literature, on the other hand, have provided mixed messages on the degree to which class size matters for student achievement. Here I will discuss a substantial, but overlooked, body of experimental work on class size that developed prior to World War II. These field experiments did not have the benefit of modern econometrics, and only a few were done on a reasonably large scale. However, they often used careful empirical designs, and the collective magnitude of this body of work is considerable. Moreover, this research produced little evidence to suggest that students learn more in smaller classes, which stands in contrast to some, though not all, of the most recent work by economists. In this essay, I provide an overview of the scope and breadth of the field experiments in class size conducted prior to World War II, the motivations behind them, and how their experimental designs were crafted to deal with perceived sources of bias. I discuss how one might interpret the findings of these early experimental results alongside more recent research.

Recovering from the Great Depression

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Wuthnow
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Middle America ◽  
Middle West ◽  
Smith County

This chapter examines how the Middle West recovered from the ill effects of the Great Depression. The Great Depression was something Americans hoped they would never experience again. In the rural Midwest, foreclosures and sheriff's auctions were common. The worst drought years devastated the land. Dust storms blew with such intensity that crops failed and machinery broke down. World War II sparked the economy, revived agriculture, and coincided with better weather. However, the war took millions of men and women away from their families, necessitated mandatory rationing, and drove up prices. When it was over, rural communities faced continuing challenges. The chapter considers the case of Smith Center, Kansas, to illustrate the challenges rural communities faced as they overcame the setbacks of the Great Depression and prepared for the era ahead. Recovery from the Great Depression varied across middle America, but many of the dynamics evident in Smith County occurred elsewhere.

Quality Assessment of Ethics in Health Care: The Accountability Revolution

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Susan M. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Central Place ◽  
World War ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cost Cutting ◽  
Global Budgeting

Writing in 1988, Arnold Relman heralded the dawning of the “third revolution“ in medical care. The first revolution, at the end of World War II, had inaugurated an Era of Expansion, with an explosion of hospitals, physicians, and research. Medicare and Medicaid were passed, and medicine experienced a golden age of growth. Inevitably, according to Relman, this yielded to an Era of Cost Containment starting in the 1970s. The federal government and private employers revolted against soaring costs, brandishing the weapons of prospective payment, managed care, and global budgeting. Yet these blunt instruments of cost-cutting eventually produced concern over how to evaluate the quality of health care, to promote the good while trimming the bad. Thus Relman announced the arrival of the Era of Assessment and Accountability.This chronology helps explain the current importance of quality. Quality assessment and more recently, quality improvement techniques, occupy a central place in this new era.

Raising Intelligence Levels of the Mentally Retarded: An Overlooked Educo-Legal Implication

1975 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Throne
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Child Welfare ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Public Schooling ◽  
World War ◽  
University Of Iowa ◽  
The Public ◽  
The University ◽  
Legal Implication

Studies by investigators at the University of Iowa Child Welfare Station before World War II demonstrated that the intelligence levels of the mentally retarded could be raised, often up to and beyond normalcy (IQ 100). Yet, the implications were never seriously followed up on anything approaching a broad-gauged scale. The juridical climate now supports the position that, because the evidence is that all the retarded can learn under proper conditions, they are all entitled to public schooling. It is suggested that the public schools may soon be confronted with an even more far-reaching educo-legal thrust based on the kind of evidence first reported by the Iowa investigators; that is, the public schools have a responsibility not only to educate or train the retarded to achieve their retarded potentialities, but to increase those potentialities, i.e., raise their intelligence levels.

Conversion of Coastal Habitats in Singapore: Indications of Unsustainable Development

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Hilton ◽  
Sarah S. Manning
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Coastal Ecosystems ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Small Island ◽  
World War ◽  
Island State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Small Island State ◽  
The Impact

The Republic of Singapore, a small island state lying at the southern extremity of Peninsular Malaysia has, along with other ASEAN nations, stated its commitment to the principle of ‘sustainable development’ and ecological sustainability. This paper presents an assessment of the impact of post-World War II development on the extent and quality of intertidal coastal ecosystems and ecocomplexes in Singapore — specifically on coral reefs, mangroves, and intertidal sand- and mud-flats — and hence an evaluation of Singapore's commitment to maintaining coastal ecosystems and coastal biodiversity. The extent of these habitats was mapped from topographic and hydrographic maps, and estimates of their future area was derived from the Singapore Concept Plan for the year ‘x’ (AD c. 2030).

THE ETHICAL AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS OF MUSICAL ACTIVITY IN POLAND AFTER WORLD WAR II

Tempo ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (253) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Justyna Humięcka-Jakubowska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
World War ◽  
Musical Activity ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
The Many

Musical activity is one of the many forms of purposeful human activity. Its peculiarity lies in its creative character – an attribution which brings to mind the concept elaborated by Mooney (1963), in which the quality of creativeness was evoked in relation to the product (or artistic work), the process of its production and its author. One aspect of Mooney's reflections that are of importance to the present discussion is his observation that a considerable influence on creative activity is exercised by the favourable or detrimental conditions under which it arises (atmosphere, social environment, historical context).

Secular Schools? Religious Practices in New York and Viginia Public Schools Since World War II

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-388
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Dierenfield
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
New York ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Church And State ◽  
World War ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The U.S

Scholars examining the controversy over church-state relations in the modern era have concentrated almost exclusively on its constitutional aspects. This is to be expected since the U.S. Supreme Court has handed down epic decisions that have drawn an increasingly sharper picture of the First Amendment's guideline concerning the government's involvement in religion. The Court did, in fact, lead the way in establishing or reestablishing the doctrine called “separation of church and state.” But the Court touched off a furious debate within the states that has intermittently yet persistently influenced public policy since the early 1960s. It is time that scholars examine more closely the participants outside of the Court.

scholarly journals Marine Corps Boot Camp during World War II: THE GATEWAY TO THE CORPS’ S U C C E S S AT I WO J I M A

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-63
Author(s):  
Jessica Anderson-Colon
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Marine Corps ◽  
Boot Camp ◽  
World War ◽  
The U.S

Was the Marine Corps’ success at Iwo Jima a matter of leadership, bravado, or fundamental training? This article examines the efficacy of boot camp, replacement training, and unit training as it relates to the success of the U.S. Marines on Iwo Jima. During World War II, the exploits of the Marines on Iwo Jima have been commended, but the reality of wartime exigencies inevitably placed a strain on the quality of men slated for the Service. However, the Marine Corps’ emphasis on the fundamentals during boot camp proved the necessary ingredient for victory. Beyond leadership or lore, this article asserts that Marine Corps boot camp provided an elemental gateway to success on Iwo Jima.

scholarly journals Aspectos Históricos da Educação Ambiental: do Global ao Local / Historical Aspects of Environmental Education: from Global to Local

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (57) ◽  
pp. 478-501
Author(s):  
Aldenir De Araujo Saraiva ◽  
Stephannie Bispo Buonaduce ◽  
Hesler Piedade Caffé Filho ◽  
Denes Dantas Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

 Resumo: A educação ambiental nasce da emergência ecológica planetária, ou seja, do contexto da educação, como uma demanda de seu ambiente, visto que os recursos ambientais são finitos, limitados e estão intrinsecamente inter-relacionados. Podemos dizer que a história da Educação Ambiental está ligada ao movimento ambientalista, que surge discretamente no início do século XX, mas foi, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, após as décadas de 1940 e 1950, que foi sendo impulsionado por vários eventos, como o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial e os diversos avanços tecnológicos. Este estudo discute aspectos históricos da Educação Ambiental com base em pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a temática. Concluiu-se que a educação para o desenvolvimento sustentável ainda representa um grande desafio, seja nacional, seja mundial. Políticas públicas que possam mitigar tais lacunas devem ser incentivadas e apoiadas, para que tenhamos m futuro com maior qualidade de vida para a humanidade. Palavras-chave: Aspectos históricos; Educação Ambiental; Desenvolvimento sustentável.  Abstract: Environmental education is born from the planetary ecological emergency, that is, from the context of education, as a demand of its environment, since environmental resources are finite, limited and are intrinsically interrelated.  We can say that the history of Environmental Education is linked to the environmental movement, which emerged discreetly at the beginning of the 20th century, but it was, from the second half of the 20th century, after the 1940s and 1950s, that it was driven by various events , such as the end of World War II and the various technological advances.  This study discusses historical aspects of Environmental Education based on bibliographical research on the subject.  It was concluded that education for sustainable development still represents a great challenge, whether national or global.  Public policies that can mitigate these gaps must be encouraged and supported, so that we have a future with a better quality of life for humanity.  Keywords: Historical aspects;  Environmental education;  Sustainable development.

scholarly journals Political masculinities and Brexit

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Higgins
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Political Discussion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Discourses ◽  
British Experience ◽  
The Right

Abstract This article examines the discourses of masculinity to pervade debates on the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union. The article outlines an association between excessive forms of masculinity and popular cultural discourses around conflict and war, constructing and reproducing a popular lexicon on the British experience of World War II in ways that are widely interpreted as symptomatic of a coarsening of political discussion. However, the article also emphasises the performative quality of these masculine discourses in line with the personalisation of politics, and stresses the scope for contestation and ridicule. The article thereby identifies the articulation of a performative masculinity with a nation-based politics of the right. While disputable and occasionally subject to derision, this produces a gendered component in any antagonistic turn in contemporary political culture.

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