Light and the Optical Environment

Author(s):  
Thomas W. Cronin ◽  
Sönke Johnsen ◽  
N. Justin Marshall ◽  
Eric J. Warrant
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
The Sun ◽  

This chapter explains how humans, and nearly all animals on Earth, witness astonishing variation in their optical environment. Brightness changes by many orders of magnitude each day, and colors also shift dramatically. Those animals that enter forests and especially the water experience even larger changes. Given this, it is surprising that nearly all the natural light on Earth ultimately comes from two sources, the sun and bioluminescence. A final source of light that is potentially relevant to vision is mechanoluminescence. In this process, light is produced by mechanical processes, including deformation (piezoluminescence), fracturing (triboluminescence), and crystallization (crystalloluminescence). The latter two have been suggested as being at least partially responsible for ambient light at deep-sea vents.

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 161009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Paul Bitton ◽  
Ulrike K. Harant ◽  
Roland Fritsch ◽  
Connor M. Champ ◽  
Shelby E. Temple ◽  
...  

The light environment in water bodies changes with depth due to the absorption of short and long wavelengths. Below 10 m depth, red wavelengths are almost completely absent rendering any red-reflecting animal dark and achromatic. However, fluorescence may produce red coloration even when red light is not available for reflection. A large number of marine taxa including over 270 fish species are known to produce red fluorescence, yet it is unclear under which natural light environment fluorescence contributes perceptively to their colours. To address this question we: (i) characterized the visual system of Tripterygion delaisi, which possesses fluorescent irides, (ii) separated the colour of the irides into its reflectance and fluorescence components and (iii) combined these data with field measurements of the ambient light environment to calculate depth-dependent perceptual chromatic and achromatic contrasts using visual modelling. We found that triplefins have cones with at least three different spectral sensitivities, including differences between the two members of the double cones, giving them the potential for trichromatic colour vision. We also show that fluorescence contributes increasingly to the radiance of the irides with increasing depth. Our results support the potential functionality of red fluorescence, including communicative roles such as species and sex identity, and non-communicative roles such as camouflage.


2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 683-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Ju Sui ◽  
Zhi Bo Wang ◽  
Kai Yuan Yao ◽  
Tian Qi Li ◽  
Hua Zhu

A new solar tracker is designed and tested. The solar tracker is an all-weather solar machine aiming at the sun automatically with high precision. An embedded CPU is used as the control unit, calculating the position of the sun according to geography. Two light intensity detecting chips are used; one of them is to measure the ambient light intensity while the other is to check whether the tracker is directed to the sun well. The result of the first chip determines whether the second chip will be put into use. In this way it is guaranteed that the tracker operates well either with sufficient ambient light or not. Two step motors are used to drive the solar energy collector. The solar tracker has been produced and tested, showing satisfying tracking effect.


2002 ◽  
Vol 107 (B1) ◽  
pp. EPM 1-1-EPM 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri N. White ◽  
Alan D. Chave ◽  
George T. Reynolds

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 17037-17052 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Smith

Abstract. Chemosynthetic communities in the deep-sea can be found at hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, whale falls and wood falls. While these communities have been suggested to exist in isolation from solar energy, much of the life associated with them relies either directly or indirectly on photosynthesis in the surface waters of the oceans. The sun indirectly provides oxygen, a byproduct of photosynthesis, which aerobic chemosynthetic microorganisms require to synthesize organic carbon from CO2. Planktonic life stages of many vent and cold seep invertebrates also directly feed on photosynthetically produced organic matter as they disperse to new vent and seep systems. While a large portion of the life at deep-sea chemosynthetic habitats can be linked to the sun and so could not survive without it, a small portion of anaerobically chemosynthetic microorganisms can persist in its absence. These small and exotic organisms have developed a way of life in the deep-sea which involves the use of resources originating in their entirety from terrestrial sources.


Polar Biology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna S. Båtnes ◽  
Cecilie Miljeteig ◽  
Jørgen Berge ◽  
Michael Greenacre ◽  
Geir Johnsen

2015 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mozaffari ◽  
J M Fishman ◽  
N S Tolley

AbstractThe development of light technologies, allowing anatomical visualisation of otherwise hidden structures, led to significant advances in ENT in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Natural light from the sun, and from candles, was initially harnessed using mirrors. Later, the invention of limelight and electricity preceded the emergence of the modern-day endoscope, which, in tandem with the discovery of coherent fibre-optics in the 1950s, significantly expanded the surgical repertoire available to otolaryngologists. This study aimed to trace the rich history of ENT through the specialty's use of light.


2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1099-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Vuleta ◽  
Sanja Manitasevic-Jovanovic ◽  
Branka Tucic

Ambient light significantly influences the structural and physiological characteristics of Iris pumila leaves. A random sample of Iris clones native to an exposed site at the Deliblato Sands, Serbia was partially covered with a neutral screen that transmitted 35% of daylight, so that each clone experienced reduced and full sunlight at the same time. The sun-exposed leaves were significantly thicker, had greater stomatal density, exhibited higher lipid peroxidation, increased activities of SOD, APX, CAT enzymes and higher contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants (anthocyanins and phenols) and water deficit relative to shade-leaves. The activities of GR, GPX, and GST enzymes was unaffected by the irradiance level.


Author(s):  
Susan M. Gaines ◽  
Geoffrey Eglinton ◽  
Jürgen Rullkötter

Lodged in the earth’s outermost layer, ephemeral scratch on a mineral skin, life plays cards with a handful of elements—builds molecular extravaganzas of carbon and hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or precious phosphorus, and forms the pieces to the parts that, assembled, define it. When the game is over, the cards reshuffled, the parts dismantled—membranes ruptured, shells dissolved, bones ground to dust—a few of those organic molecules remain in the sediments and rocks, bearing witness to the distant moments of their creation. Imagine the most humble bit of life, a microscopic alga basking in the sun-graced surface of the sea. Think of the tiny animal that grazes on the alga, dismantling its parts, using the pieces and discarding the difficult-to-digest fats and sturdy membrane lipids in tiny pellet-like feces that sink slowly into the dark waters of the deep sea—a thousand meters, two, three, maybe more. Imagine the bacteria that cling to the pellets as they settle onto the seafloor, zealous recyclers of organic molecules, using some and transforming others, leaving them stripped down or broken but still recognizable among the generic mineral bits of shell and clay that accumulate, particle by particle, year by year, layer by layer. Dig down, dig back, through meters and kilometers of sediments, through millennia and epochs, and you’ll find them yet, those molecular relics, testaments to that tiny, light-loving bit of bygone life. What do those molecules know, what do they have to say? Might they remember their maker’s name and environment, how that tiny alga lived and died? Was it rich or poor, food plentiful or scarce, the water warm or cold? Perhaps there was a current from the south, or cold nutrient-rich waters upwelling from the deep. Maybe there was a drought in Africa and dry winds blew nutrient-laden dust over the Atlantic, the continent’s misfortune a literal windfall for marine algae. Perhaps a meteor fell that year and the light went out of the sky, the temperature dropped suddenly, and the world died in a blink.


Author(s):  
G. W. Potts ◽  
J. W. Wood ◽  
J. M. Edwards

Television cameras and video equipment are well established as tools in many areas of marine research and have been reviewed by Barnes (1963), Myrberg (1973), Harris (1980), and Holme (1984, 1985). The TV camera is usually mounted on a remote sledge (Machan & Fedra, 1975; Holme & Barrett, 1977) or submersible, often with arrays of lights, and lacks the manoeuvrability that is necessary for many types of detailed survey and behavioural recording. Commercial and industrial uses also demand high-resolution equipment that is often contained in bulky underwater cases capable of operating at great depths and well below that possible by the conventional SCUBA diver. It is not unusual for the equipment to be used in conjunction with external lighting units where natural light levels are too low for the use of ambient light, and is dependent on an external power supply normally situated in the surface support vessel or within a submersible (Sisman, 1982).


2014 ◽  
Vol 1037 ◽  
pp. 232-235
Author(s):  
Juan Lei ◽  
Hong Xia Wu

Along with the lack gradually of fossil energy,people began to pay attention to the using of solar energy that easy to obtain and no pollution. Today,a lot of vehicle-mounted systems have begin to use solar photovoltaic panels.But with the driving of vehicle, photovoltaic panels often can’t face to the sun ,unable to get enough direct sunlight. In order to change the fact,writer designed a new system.In this system, we use ambient light detection module and MCU to locate the sun,then MCU controls two motors to make the photovoltaic panel change its orientation,so vehicle-mounted solar photovoltaic panel can change orientation automatically with the light.


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