Political Violence

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Besley ◽  
Torsten Persson
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Theoretical Modeling ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Resource Rents ◽  
Probability Of Transition ◽  
The Common

This chapter attempts to integrate two different strands of research on political violence, developing a theoretical model to analyze the common roots of repression and civil war. Under specific assumptions about the conflict technology, it shows that peace, repression (one-sided violence), and civil war (two-sided violence) become ordered states depending on a common underlying latent variable, which is shifted by shocks to the value of public goods, wages, aid, and resource rents. But these effects only emerge when political institutions do not provide sufficient checks and balances on the ruling group or adequate protection for those excluded from power. The chapter also shows how to start bridging the gap between theoretical modeling and econometric testing. Under specific assumptions on what can be observed, the predictions from the model can be taken to the data by estimating either an ordered logit or the conditional probability of transition from peace to violence or from non-civil war to civil war. The empirical strategy here is much sharper than in earlier chapters and shows that the kind of theory we are building can help us approach the data in a specific way.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Tir ◽  
Johannes Karreth
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
International Environment

After summarizing the theoretical arguments and findings of this book, we discuss key lessons learned from our study. The international environment has a significant influence on civil war development and prevention. Amplifying their conflict-preventing influence on member-states, highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) often coordinate their activities, especially in the area of political violence and state fragility. We then identify a number of tangible, economic incentives as the main pathways of this influence. Overall, this book suggests that the economic benefits of peace provide a potent temptation—for both governments and rebels—to settle low-level armed conflict before it can escalate to full-scale civil war. With these lessons learned, we also identify suggestions for both the research into and practice of conflict management. The chapter closes by pointing to opportunities for making use of our findings to further capitalize on the role of highly structured IGOs in civil war prevention.

Epilogue

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra L. Yacovazzi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Popular Culture ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
The Public ◽  
Monastic Life ◽  
The Common ◽  
Public Imagination ◽  
Maria Monk ◽  
People Today

Nuns in popular media today are a staple of kitsch culture, evident in the common appearance of bobble-head nuns, nun costumes, and nun caricatures on TV, movies, and the stage. Nun stereotypes include the sexy vixen, the naïve innocent, and the scary nun. These types were forged in nineteenth-century convent narratives. While people today may not recognize the name “Maria Monk,” her legacy lives on in the public imagination. There may be no demands to search convents, but nuns and monastic life are nevertheless generally not taken seriously. This epilogue traces opposition to nuns from the Civil War to the present, analyzing the various images of nuns in popular culture as they relate to the antebellum campaign against convents. It argues that the source of the misunderstanding about nuns is rooted in the inability to categorize these women either as traditional wives and mothers or as secular, career-driven singles.

Development within the limits of order, 1820–70

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Toye
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Natural Rights ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
The Common ◽  
State List ◽  
The French Revolution

After the upheavals of the French Revolution, Enlightenment thinkers were blamed for loosening the bonds of society. In nineteenth-century France, Saint-Simon advocated a social compromise whereby scientists and artists planned the path of progress while the propertied classes retained political power albeit acting as trustees for the interests of the poor. Comte called for a scientific sociology to inform the design of political institutions. In Britain, Bentham rejected the doctrine of natural rights in favour of the principle of utility, while J. S. Mill flirted with Comte’s positivism briefly. Marx made little impact and socialism came in the guise of Fabianism and middle-class trusteeship for the poor. In Germany, Hegel interpreted the French Revolution as a phase in a moral struggle for freedom and called for freedom to be reconciled with the idea of the common good embodied in the state. List envisaged the common good as protectionist trade policy.

Women, the Civil War, and Reconstruction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Native American Women ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Us ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Class Hierarchies ◽  
Us Civil War

The rapid transformations brought on by the US Civil War and its aftermath touched women’s lives in contradictory ways. The disruption caused by war and the destruction of slavery opened up space, and at times created the necessity, for radically new roles for women that challenged antebellum gender norms and racial and class hierarchies. This essay examines the wartime and postwar experiences primarily of black and white but also Native American women. In this period, many women faced new circumstances that inspired them to confront power in novel ways—by, for instance, fleeing slavery, petitioning governors, organizing bread riots, participating in political parades, or protesting segregation. The chapter also explores political violence in the postwar period that affected women differently across class, race, and region and that eventually helped to shut down the radical potential of the era.

scholarly journals Replicating Silicon Valley? Law and Human Capital in the Making of China's Tech Startups

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Li-Wen LIN
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Stock Options ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
The Common ◽  
Innovation Economy

Abstract The rise of China's tech companies in the global economy raises an urgent need to understand how China incubates its tech startups. China's tech startup ecosystem presents two puzzling legal arrangements for human capital in light of Silicon Valley's experience, the co-existence of enforceable non-compete agreements and the high-velocity labour market, and the common use of stock options with a buyback norm. This article delves into the peculiarities of China's legal and political institutions to resolve these legal puzzles. This article also speaks to a global policy debate about the replicability of Silicon Valley and the necessity of such replication. The Chinese experience offers opposite examples showing the replication complexity: replication yet with deformed practices, and non-replication yet with similar outcomes. The findings suggest that there is unlikely to be a one-size-fits-all model for creating an innovation economy.

Underlying Common Factors of Adolescent Problem Behaviors

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lening Zhang ◽  
John W. Welte ◽  
William F. Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
Adolescent Problem Behaviors ◽  
The Common ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Second Order Factor Analysis

The Buffalo Longitudinal Study of Young Men was used to address the possibility of a common factor underlying adolescent problem behaviors. First, a measurement model with a single first-order factor was compared to a model with three separate correlated first-order factors. The three-factor model was better supported, making it logical to conduct a second-order factor analysis, which confirmed the logic. Second, a substantive model was estimated in each of two waves with psychopathic state as the common factor predicting drinking, drug use, and delinquency. Psychopathic state was stable across waves. The theory that a single latent variable accounts for large covariance among adolescent problem behaviors was supported.

Społeczne i kulturowe determinanty funkcjonowania państwa u progu XXI wieku

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (282) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Michał Strzelecki
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Common Good ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
The Common ◽  
Civic Awareness ◽  
Political Scene

The contemporary state crisis is a derivative of complex economic and social processes. His indicators include not only the visible increase in the intensity of political conflicts (both on a micro and macro scale), the revival and development of separatist tendencies, and the weakening of the role of the state as the basic instrument of organizing collective life. It is also increasing fragmentation of the political scene, the development of particularisms, weakening and progressive dysfunctionality of existing political institutions, increasing economic rivalry and the collapse of the generally accepted axiological system, which is accompanied by increasingly clear questioning of the idea of the common good and progressing pragmatism and egoism. An important element is therefore the disappearance of civic awareness and activity. The intensification of these disturbing tendencies is certainly not supported by the modern education system, whose hallmarks are commercialization and economization, withdrawal of the state and professionalization.

scholarly journals Argelia enrocada en la legislación: de la violencia política a la autocensura periodística como mal endémico

2018 ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Beatriz Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Los Grupos ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion ◽  
Violencia Politica

Resumen: Los medios de comunicación en Argelia, especialmente la prensa privada nacida en los albores de la guerra civil de los años noventa, han sido sometidos bajo el yugo de la violencia política desde casi sus orígenes, tanto por parte de las fuerzas represoras de la Administración como de los grupos armados (sean o no considerados terroristas). En un Estado autoritario como el argelino, los conflictos son exámenes potentes a los que se somete a la prensa, la cual puede ayudar a cimentar la democracia si se les permite a los profesionales trabajar. Una legislación que proteja el ejercicio periodístico es fundamental para garantizar la libertad de información.Palabras clave: Argelia, prensa, legislación, violencia política, autocensura, libertad.Abstract: Media in Algeria, especially the private press was born at the dawn of the civil war of the nineties, have been subdued under the yoke of political violence almost from its origins, by the repressive forces of the Administration and the armed groups, whether or not considered terrorists. In an authoritarian state like Algeria, conflicts are powerful tests. Press can help to found democracy if journalists could work effectively. A legislation to protect the practice of journalism is essential to ensure freedom of information.Keywords: Algeria, press, legislation, political violence, self-censorship, freedom.

scholarly journals Det perverse artefakt. Konflikt og erindringer i spanske tegneserier

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (111) ◽  
pp. 97-111
Author(s):  
Anne Magnussen
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Spanish Population ◽  
Specific Focus ◽  
The Common

THE PERVERSE ARTIFACT. CONFLICT AND MEMOIRS IN SPANISH CARTOON SERIESWithin the last 10 to 15 years, the Spanish debate about historical memory has gained much force, with a specific focus on memories of the Civil War (1936-39) and of the succeeding dictatorship that ended with a process of democratization at the end of the 1970s. Although the big Spanish political parties disagree on several memory related issues, they agree that the main objective is to secure a reconciliation of the Spanish population that – at least according to some parties, organisations and analysts – is still divided by the memories of the Civil War and the repressive Francoist dictatorship. Spanish comics from the end of the 1990s and the 2000s question the common and coherent narrative of the War and the dictatorship that is implied in this idea of reconciliation. This article offers an example of the ways in which the comics do this by activating two interconnected strategies. First, the comics destabilize place and narrative structure, andsecondly, they suggest that madness and a perverted gaze are the only sensible perspectives from which to contemplate Spain’s repressive and violent past. The analysis draws on the context of both the memory debate and the development within the Spanish and international comics field.

«Liberdades e Direitos» No Horizonte da Soberania

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
pp. 151-175
Author(s):  
Viriato Soromenho-Marques ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
Reciprocal Influence ◽  
Political Tradition ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
Relationship Of

The common ground and dissimilarities in the reciprocal influence between two apparently identical concepts in the Contemporary western political tradition - freedom and liberty - are dealt in this paper. The author tries to tackle the interrelated genealogy both of freedom and liberty categories, in the long period opened by the English Civil War and closed by the conflicting reactions to the French Revolution. The sovereignty concept on the other hand allows the reader to understand the ongoing dynamic of the crucial philosophical relationship of these two central concepts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document