A Tilted Playing Field

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-37
Author(s):  
Matthew Hindman

This chapter focuses on stickiness—the factors that allow sites and apps to attract and keep an audience. Critically, many tactics that promote stickiness get cheaper per user as sites get bigger. The Internet thus provides economies of scale in stickiness. Bigger, more popular sites and platforms find it easier to attract still more visitors, and to build up habits of readership. The chapter shows how the economies of scale that shape countless traditional industries, from airlines to automakers, remain powerful in the digital economy. Here, understanding digital audiences starts with digital economies of scale. The goal is to highlight some of the most powerful and best documented forces that skew the game toward the largest players. Size advantages alone are not the full story, after all. But with so many strong economies of scale, of so many different types, in so many different areas of digital media, the chapter argues that it is time to stop pretending that the Internet is a level playing field.

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-511
Author(s):  
Valentine Lemonnier

Before the Covid-19 pandemic hit, the scheduled passenger air transport sector was already subject to several horizontal concentrations. The mix of free competition and strict regularization in the air transport sector in the EU raises the question whether the current framework will still be able to provide a level playing field to the market participants, notably airlines and airports. The study focusses on how EU competition law has influenced horizontal concentrations (i.e. mergers and horizontal co-operations) in the scheduled passenger air transport sector. The results of the discussion are the basis for a reflection of the effects of different types of horizontal concentrations on the negotiation power of airlines vis-à-vis airports. A third focus of the study is the identification of regulatory weaknesses with regard to airport financing under the Airport Charges Directive (Directive 2009/12/EC), how those weaknesses benefit airlines and how they might interfere with efforts made under the application of competition law.


2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter L. M. Vasterman

The Digital Pillory: The impact of the Internet on the development of scandals The Digital Pillory: The impact of the Internet on the development of scandals This article explores the consequences of the changing public arena for the way scandals develop. Scandals, defined as a process of public outrage over a (presumed) transgression of the dominant morality, used to be the domain of the professional mass media. The Internet seems to offer a more level playing field for actors who want to trigger a scandal by disclosing compromising information. But what exactly is the role of the Internet in the different stages of a scandal; which type of actors are dominant and how do media and these websites interact? A qualitative and quantitative analysis of four recent Dutch scandals shows that the Internet, more specifically semiprofessional weblogs can indeed play an important role in exposing, accusing and denouncing the culprit. But the professional media are still very important; when they refuse to adopt a disclosure by bloggers the scandal fails. The role of the Internet users is mainly reactive, but the scale of outrage on the Internet fuels the scandal process.


2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-72
Author(s):  
Joshua Fogel ◽  
Rivka Herzog

The authors are not aware of any research for Internet social media direct-to-consumer prescription medication advertisements (DTCA) related to consumer behavior. The authors study (n=635) the association of traditional and digital media DTCA including Internet social media with the intentions to seek and behavior of obtaining additional information about a prescription medication after seeing a DTCA. This research found that advertisements seen on traditional/cable television were associated with decreased behavior. Advertisements seen on Internet television were associated with increased behavior. Seeking additional information of reading print content on the Internet was associated with increased behavior. No social media advertisements were associated with either intentions or behavior. Companies designing Internet and social media advertising platforms, pharmaceutical brand managers, and pharmaceutical marketers should consider these findings when tailoring their DTCA campaigns.


Author(s):  
Kai Jakobs ◽  
Thomas Wagner ◽  
Kai Reimers

The paper reports findings of a project that aimed at making initial recommendations on how the standards setting processes for the Internet of Things can be adapted to provide for a level playing field for all stakeholders. To this end, the opinions of experts in the field were compiled through a survey and a ‘study with Delphi elements’.


2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Maresch

Durch den digitalen Medienwandel ist der Begriff der Öffentlichkeit problematisch geworden. Die Debatte fokussiert sich zumeist auf die Frage, ob die sogenannte bürgerliche Öffentlichkeit durch das Internet im Niedergang begriffen ist oder eine Intensivierung und Pluralisierung erfährt. Rudolf Maresch zeichnet die berühmte Untersuchung der Kategorie durch Jürgen Habermas nach und zieht den von ihm konstatierten Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit in Zweifel. Dagegen verweist er auf die gouvernementalen und medialen Prozesse, die jede Form von Kommunikation immer schon gesteuert haben. Öffentlichkeit sei daher ein Epiphänomen nicht allein des Zeitungswesens, sondern der bereits vorgängig ergangenen postalischen Herstellung einer allgemeinen Adressierbarkeit von Subjekten. Heute sei Öffentlichkeit innerhalb der auf Novitäts- und Erregungskriterien abstellenden Massenmedien ein mit anderen Angeboten konkurrierendes Konzept. Mercedes Bunz konstatiert ebenfalls eine Ausweitung und Pluralisierung von Öffentlichkeit durch den digitalen Medienwandel, sieht aber die entscheidenden Fragen in der Konzeption und Verteilung von Evaluationswissen und Evaluationsmacht. Nicht mehr die sogenannten Menschen, sondern Algorithmen entscheiden über die Verbreitung und Bewertung von Nachrichten. Diese sind in der Öffentlichkeit – die sie allererst erzeugen – weitgehend verborgen. Einig sind sich die Autoren darin, dass es zu einer Pluralisierung von Öffentlichkeiten gekommen ist, während der Öffentlichkeitsbegriff von Habermas auf eine singuläre Öffentlichkeit abstellt. </br></br>Due to the transformation of digital media, the notion of “publicity” has become problematic. In most cases, the debate is focused on the question whether the internet causes a decline of so-called civic publicity or rather intensifies and pluralizes it. Rudolf Maresch outlines Jürgen Habermas's famous study of this category and challenges his claim concerning its “structural transformation,” referring to the governmental and medial processes which have always already controlled every form of communication. Publicity, he claims, is an epiphenomenon not only of print media, but of a general addressability of subjects, that has been produced previously by postal services. Today, he concludes, publicity is a concept that competes with other offers of mass media, which are all based on criteria of novelty and excitement. Mercedes Bunz also notes the expansion and pluralization of the public sphere due to the change of digital media, but sees the crucial issues in the design and distribution of knowledge and power by evaluation. So-called human beings no longer decide on the dissemination and evaluation of information, but algorithms, which are for the most part concealed from the public sphere that they produce in the first place. Both authors agree that a pluralization of public sphere(s) has taken place, while Habermas's notion of publicity refers to a single public sphere.


Author(s):  
Dan J. Bodoh

Abstract The growth of the Internet over the past four years provides the failure analyst with a new media for communicating his results. The new digital media offers significant advantages over analog publication of results. Digital production, distribution and storage of failure analysis results reduces copying costs and paper storage, and enhances the ability to search through old analyses. When published digitally, results reach the customer within minutes of finishing the report. Furthermore, images on the computer screen can be of significantly higher quality than images reproduced on paper. The advantages of the digital medium come at a price, however. Research has shown that employees can become less productive when replacing their analog methodologies with digital methodologies. Today's feature-filled software encourages "futzing," one cause of the productivity reduction. In addition, the quality of the images and ability to search the text can be compromised if the software or the analyst does not understand this digital medium. This paper describes a system that offers complete digital production, distribution and storage of failure analysis reports on the Internet. By design, this system reduces the futzing factor, enhances the ability to search the reports, and optimizes images for display on computer monitors. Because photographic images are so important to failure analysis, some digital image optimization theory is reviewed.


SPIEL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-119
Author(s):  
Kathrin Fahlenbrach

The Internet has become a central place for protest communication: the organization of protest actions, the networking of potential activists, the dissemination of information, the calling for participation in protest actions, and the mobilization of support for protest concerns. All these and other practices have migrated from the analog to the digital sphere of publicity on the Internet. Thus the forms and strategies of public protest and activism have also changed and expanded. The article traces the special conditions of protest mobilization on the Internet. Against this background it examines different types of activist online videos with their specific audiovisual rhetorical strategies.


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