Economic Development and Institutional Change, 1950–1980

2018 ◽  
pp. 222-244
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
World War ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Gdp Gap

This chapter explores how the decades after World War II were a period of rapid growth for Turkey. Despite the crises in the mid-1950s and in the second half of the 1970s, GDP per capita increased at an average annual rate above three percent and more than doubled during the period 1950–1980. These rates of growth were unprecedented for Turkey. The long-term rates of growth achieved in Turkey after World War II were roughly comparable to the averages for both the developed countries and developing countries as a whole. As a result, the per capita GDP gap between Turkey and the developed countries changed little during this period.

The Reproduction Vector of the Russian Economy: 1999-2007

2008 ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries

The problem of the Russian economy’s growth rates is considered in the article in the context of Russia’s backwardness regarding GDP per capita in comparison with the developed countries. The author stresses the urgency of modernization of the real sector of the economy and the recovery of the country’s human capital. For reaching these goals short- or mid-term programs are not sufficient. Economic policy needs a long-term (15-20 years) strategy, otherwise Russia will be condemned to economic inertia and multiplying structural disproportions.

International differences in labor productivity: Role of capital, technological level and resource rent

2016 ◽  
pp. 67-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zaytsev
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Resource Rent ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
Population Ratio ◽  
Gdp Gap ◽  
Productivity Gap

Using level accounting methodology this article examines sources of per capita GDP and labor productivity differences between Russia and developed and developing countries. It considers the role played by the following determinants in per capita GDP gap: per hour labor productivity, number of hours worked per worker and labor-population ratio. It is shown that labor productivity difference is the main reason of Russia’s lagging behind. Factors of Russia’s low labor productivity are then estimated. It is found that 33-39% of 2.5-5-times labor productivity gap (estimated for non-oil sector) between Russia and developed countries (US, Canada, Germany, Norway) is explained by lower capital-to-labor ratio and the latter 58-65% of the gap is due to lower technological level (multifactor productivity). Human capital level in Russia is almost the same as in developed countries, so it explains only 2-4% of labor productivity gap.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE FOR TRANSPORT GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Nikola Petrović ◽  
Nebojša Bojović ◽  
Marijana Petrović ◽  
Vesna Jovanović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

In view of the European Union as one of the main polluters in the word and the fact that GDP per capita in the European Union is equivalent to the 282 percent of the world`s average, it is interesting to study the relationship between transport GHG emissions and the economic activity within the European Union. In the paper, the authors check the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis for members of the EU over the period 2000-2014. The analysis results show that an inverse-U relationship exists between transport GHG emissions and GDP per capita. At the same time, the results indicate that the change of economic structure has influenced the transport GHG emissions in the developed countries, that is, in the countries that record a higher level of GDP per capita.

scholarly journals Structural Weaknesses in the Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina – A Brake on Growth and Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Zoran Mastilo ◽  
Radmila Čičković
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
The Status ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries

To present the status and development of economies of the countries, a number of macroeconomic indicators is available and used and the most important aggregate in the system of national accounts is the gross domestic product (GDP).An analysis of GDP serves to present the status and trends of the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). We have used the comparison method, in order to establish the status, as well as trends in the economy of BiH in comparison with the neighbouring countries with similar GDP structures and with economies of some developed countries.We note that the structure of gross value added (GVA) in BiH is not primarily oriented towards profitable activities, nor towards activities giving a synergistic effect on the entire economy. The service sector is not sufficiently developed. GDP per capita in 2015 was almost eight times lower than the one recorded in the EU member countries. The relationship between consumption and investment, in addition to the negative balance of trade, are negative determinants of the BiH economy. The global crisis has produced negative effects on the BiH economy. Such trends were imminent even in the developed countries, the only difference is that the developed countries, by size of their GDP per capita, are far stronger and more developed than the BiH economy. The economy is small in its size and growth rates are not sufficient to provide a visible progress, as is the case with developed countries.BiH needs to put maximum efforts into increasing its value added in areas that are fast and strong in contributing to the growth and development.

scholarly journals Brazilian business cycles and growth from 1850 to 2000

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eurilton Araújo ◽  
Luciane Carpena ◽  
Alexandre B. Cunha
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
Growth Properties ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Output

We study the cyclical and growth properties of Brazilian per capita output from 1850 to 2000. We find that, contrary to some developed countries, Brazil did not experience large changes in the volatility of per capita output. However, we obtained evidence that the oscillations in economic activity became more persistent after World War II.

Economic Development and Institutional Change, 1980–2015

2018 ◽  
pp. 275-302
Author(s):  
Şevket Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Savings Rate ◽  
Domestic Savings ◽  
Foreign Capital Inflows ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Rates Of Growth

This chapter explores how, in the decades after World War II, Turkey had attained unprecedented rates of growth by raising both its savings and investments rates from 11 percent of GDP in the early 1950s to 22 percent of GDP in the late 1970s. Investments in plant and equipment as well as education were financed primarily by domestic savings, even though as per capita incomes continued to rise after 1980, the savings rate did not rise. The growing dependence on short-term foreign capital inflows caused a significant increase in macroeconomic instability. The fluctuations in short-term movements of capital, arising from both global trends and domestic political instability, have led to major fluctuations in the economy since 1980.

Relationship Between the Use of Renewable Energy, Carbon Dioxide Emission, and Economic Growth

2021 ◽  
pp. 339-355
Author(s):  
Ferhat Özbay ◽  
Ceren Pehlivan
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Impulse Response Function ◽  
Variance Decomposition ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

The study aims to examine the relationship between the use of renewable energy, CO2, and GDP per capita. In this study that has been carried out on Turkey for the period 1990-2018, time series analysis is used. The long-term relationship between variables is revealed by the cointegration test. The periodic changes of the variables are examined by the variance decomposition and impulse-response function. Finally, with the causality test, the relationship between variables and the direction of this relationship are revealed. Findings show that there is a cointegrated relationship between the variables.. According to variance decomposition in the period of 10 lags, the renewable energy variance is 96% due to itself, 2.74% to CO2, and 0.50% to shocks in per capita GDP. As for impact-response functions, while the response of renewable energy to the GDP per capita variable is negative in the first two periods, it increase slightly in the following period, and after the sixth period, the effect of the shock diminished.

scholarly journals Migrational Aspects of the Long-Term Development of Prague with Special Regard to the Transition Period in the 1990s

Geografie ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Čermák
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
General Development ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Special Regard

The article overviews the role of internal migration in the development of Prague with special regard to the period of transition in the 1990s. At the beginning, the general development trends of urban agglomerations and its new features in developed countries after World War II are outlined. The recent structure of Prague's migration and its territorial aspects are analysed. The reasons why Prague's migration balance has changed in 1990s are also discussed.

Intercultural Experience, the Anglo-American Occupation and UNESCO in Germany 1945–1949

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Morley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Scientific Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
United Nations Educational ◽  
Intercultural Experience ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Negative Sense

Independent of each other, though contemporaneous, the Anglo-American occupiers of Germany and the newly founded United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization employed culture to foster greater intercultural and international understanding in 1945. Both enterprises separately saw culture as offering a means of securing the peace in the long term. This article compares the stated intentions and activities of the Anglo-American occupiers and UNESCO vis-à-vis transforming morals and public opinion in Germany for the better after World War II. It reconceptualizes the mobilization of culture to transform Germany through engaging theories of cultural diplomacy and propaganda. It argues that rather than merely engaging in propaganda in the negative sense, elements of these efforts can also be viewed as propaganda in the earlier, morally neutral sense of the term, despite the fact that clear geopolitical aims lay at the heart of the cultural activities of both the occupiers and UNESCO.

PENGARUH INFRASTRUKTUR SECARA SPASIAL TERHADAP KONVERGENSI PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Anisa Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Economics ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Neoclassical Growth Theory

Motivated by inter-regional disparities condition that occurs persistently, this study examines the Indonesian economy in the long run in order to know whether it tends to converge or diverge. This convergence is based on the Solow Neoclassical growth theory assuming the existence of diminishing returns to capital so that when the developed countries reach steady state conditions, developing countries will continuously grow up to 'catch-up' with developed countries. Based on regional economics perspective, each region can not be treated as a stand-alone unit,therefore, this study also focuses on the influence of spatial dependency and infrastructure. Economical and political situations of a region will influence policy in that region which will also have an impact to the neighboring regions. The estimation results of spatial cross-regressive model using fixed effect method consistently confirmed that the Indonesian economy in the long term will likely converge with a speed of 8.08 percent per year. Other findings are road infrastructure has a positive effect on economic growth and investment and road infrastructure are spatially showed a positive effect on economic growth. In other words, the investment and infrastructure of a region does not only affect the economic growth of that region but also to the economy of the contiguous regions. 

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