Exchange Rate and Industry-Level Energy Import

After the Bretton Woods exchange rate system in 1973, the free-floating exchange rate, the rate determined by the forces of supply and demand, began, which developed an interest in the area of many researchers to investigate, theoretically and empirically, the impact of exchange rate volatility on the world trade flows. There are two channels, direct and indirect, through which the change in exchange rate affects domestic prices. Under the direct channel, a fall in exchange rate leads to increase in imports as well as increases the prices of inputs in domestic currency. Secondly, under the indirect channel, a decline in the exchange rate triggers the availability of domestic goods to foreign buyers at a cheaper rate, and the demand for domestic products increased. Thus, the change in exchange rate affects trade flows either positively or negatively.

Energy Center Selection in G7 Industry With Fuzzy MOORA

In this study, energy center selection of G7 countries is examined. In this context, firstly, the studies in the literature have been evaluated in detail, and seven different criteria have been determined which may affect this selection. Taking these seven different criteria into consideration, G7 countries are ranked by fuzzy MOORA method according to energy center selection performance. According to the results, Japan and Germany are the most successful countries. On the other hand, it was concluded that France and Italy ranked last in terms of energy center selection performance. Hence, especially the countries in the last rankings should be more careful in selecting energy center. In this framework, the customer potential, the training profiles of the customers, the potential of the company with investment demand, the previous payment performance of these companies, and the market risks should be considered by the energy companies while opening new branches.

Evaluation of the Progress of Sustainable Energy Management in World Economies

The aim of the study is to analyze the underlying reasons for the countries to have access to the energy reserves and the effort to be to holding on those reserves. Energy is the driving force for the production of goods and services. Countries who have access to energy reserves are aware that those reserves provide both economic and political power. The motive for countries to have control of energy reserves are twofold: basis for economic growth and keeping or gaining political power. The result most of the time is a continous power struggle between the countries.

Investigation of the Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Pollution Nexus for Developing Countries

In theory, the foreign direct investment and environmental pollution nexus is explained by three hypotheses. Firstly, pollution haven hypothesis assumes that there is a positive nexus between these variables. Secondly, pollution halo hypothesis supposes that there is negative connection between these variables. Lastly, neutrality hypothesis asserts the non-existence of the connection between these variables. In recent years, many researchers have frequently tested whether these hypotheses are valid for different countries. In this study, applying Westerlund panel cointegration test, the authors aim to explore the nexus between foreign direct investment and environmental pollution for 23 developing countries after global crisis. For this aim, they use annual data covering the period 2009-2019. According to the obtained empirical findings, the presence of the long-term nexus between foreign direct investment and environmental pollution is not detected for 23 developing countries. Accordingly, the authors can say that there is neutrality hypothesis.

Trends in Global Oil Investments Over the Past 20 Years

Today, energy is an irreplaceable resource without which it is impossible to imagine the life of modern society. Oil, as the most important energy resource, has a significant impact on both individual economies and the world economy. The main objective of this chapter is to identify the relationship between oil supply and oil demand of developed and developing countries on the example of OECD and Former Soviet Union countries. The changes that took place in supply and demand in the oil market from 2000 to 2020 are investigated. The chapter uses graphic and mathematical analysis. It is clear with a fair amount of confidence that the oil demand in developed countries is higher than their supply, and the supply of oil in developing countries is rather more than demand. Also, the chapter draws attention to investments in the oil industry, including on the example of Russia as a former USSR country, analyzes their current state, and draws appropriate conclusions.

The Economic and Environmental Importance of Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant in Turkey

Turkey's energy consumption grown because Turkish economic volume, industrialization, and population have increased. The way to meet this energy need is to have a sustainable energy resource. Turkey does not have the enough reserves of fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas. Therefore, it is an energy importer country. So, the current account deficit is one of the main problems of the Turkish economy. When it is considered that increase in the importation of fossil fuel costs and these fuels' damages to the environment, Turkey has the need for environmentally friendly and sustainable energy sources. In this context, Turkey plans to meet energy needs with nuclear power plants (NPP). The first NPP will come into operation at Akkuyu location in Mersin with a total installed power of approximately 10,000 MW. Turkey aims to reduce the current account deficit by reducing energy imports. In addition, environmental protection will be ensured as much as provided economic growth. In this study, the importance of Akkuyu NPP for Turkey and relevant literature are investigated.

Theoretical Structure of Wave Energy and Its Importance in Terms of Energy Supply Security

The establishment of wave power plants helps the country reduce its dependence on fossil resources. In this regard, the country is least affected by the changes in fossil resource prices. Energy supply security is ensured when the sustainability and availability of electrical energy obtained from wave energy is ensured. This is an important issue for the development of the country's economy. Therefore, attention should be paid to the effect of studies on wave energy on energy supply security. In this study, it is aimed to explain the theoretical structure of wave energy and its importance in terms of energy supply security of the country. In this study, it is intended to generate appropriate strategies for Turkey to improve wave energy system. For this purpose, four different criteria are defined based on balanced scorecard methodology which are finance, customer, organizational effectiveness, and research and development. An evaluation has been conducted by DEMATEL methodology. It is identified that finance is the most significant criterion for Turkey to improve wave energy projects.

The Role of Hydrogen in the Black Sea for the Future Energy Supply Security of Turkey

In this study, the importance of hydrogen sulfide resources in the Black Sea region for future energy supply security has been analyzed. In this context, Turkey has been the scope of review. Through the world's largest hydrogen sulfide deposits in the Black Sea region with which hydrogen can be used effectively in the production of this resource, Turkey will be able to meet the annual energy needs face. This will provide benefits to many aspects of Turkey's economic development. Turkey's current account deficit, which would import energy problem, can also be reduced. This situation will contribute to reducing the fragilities in the country's economy. In this respect, Turkey should give priorities for the hydrogen sulphide reserves in the Black Sea. In this framework, detailed studies should be conducted on the conditions of the region.

Innovative Work Behavior in the Energy Sector by Fuzzy VIKOR Method

The aim of this study is to analyze the innovative working behavior of the energy industry. Within this framework, 10 different energy companies in Turkey were included in the scope of the review. As a result of the literature review, five different criteria that could affect the performance of innovative working behavior of the energy companies were determined. The fuzzy VIKOR method has been taken into account in the performance ranking process of these companies. According to the results obtained, both private and foreign energy companies were in the first two and last two. The findings show that no company type has superiority over others in terms of innovative working behavior. Hence, it is important that the energy companies, which are in the last place, develop themselves by taking into account the criteria mentioned in this study.

Role of Negative Interest Rates for Energy Assets Pricing in Financial Markets

The world economy strives for globalization, and most energy assets are connected with each other through correspondent banks and other mutual operations. The relevance of the topic of the thesis is due to the fact that in September 2019 a number of proposals were made to introduce the practice of negative interest rates in the national banking system due to the fact that Russian energy assets are not profitable to place in foreign currency..