In International Pursuit of a Caliphate

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Age ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
New Models ◽  
Muslim Intellectuals ◽  
Post War

This chapter analyzes the vibrant discussions of the early twentieth century over how to revive a caliphate best suited to the post-war era. While some advocated preservation of a traditional caliphal figurehead, many Muslim intellectuals were greatly persuaded by new models of internationalism embracing the nation-state and proposed international caliphal councils and organizations, similar to the League of Nations, or other purportedly spiritual institutions, similar to the refashioned papacy, to preserve the bonds of a transregional religious community. To varying degrees, all the participants in the debate over reviving a twentieth-century caliphate were influenced by an intriguing confluence of both the historic transregionalism of the Muslim community as well as the modern thrust of the new age of global internationalism.

The Creative Advance Must Be Defended: Miscegenation, Metaphysics, and Race War in Jan Smuts’s Vision of the League of Nations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
JACOB KRIPP
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Settler Colonialism ◽  
International Order ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Global Peace ◽  
Mandate System ◽  
Race War ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Indirect Rule

This paper argues that the idea of global peace in early twentieth-century liberal international order was sutured together by the threat of race war. This understanding of racial peace was institutionalized in the League of Nations mandate system through its philosophical architect: Jan Smuts. I argue that the League figured in Smuts’s thought as the culmination of the creative advance of the universe: white internationalist unification and settler colonialism was the cosmological destiny of humanity that enabled a racial peace. In Smuts’s imaginary, the twin prospect of race war and miscegenation serves as the dark underside that both necessitates and threatens to undo this project. By reframing the problem of race war through his metaphysics, Smuts resolves the challenge posed by race war by institutionalizing indirect rule and segregation as a project of pacification that ensured that settlement and the creative advance of the cosmos could proceed.

Field Theory and Global Transformations in the Long Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Julian Go
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
International Issues ◽  
Post War ◽  
Modern Nation State

This chapter explores how the Bourdieusian field theory can be deployed to make sense of global dynamics. It mentions international relations (IR) scholars that have enlisted Bourdieu in their analyses, applied his work to international issues, and taken certain concepts, such as habitus and practice, from his larger theoretical conceptual apparatus. It also focuses on three transformative processes or macro-historical turning points: the expansion of colonial empires during the phase of 'high imperialism', the two world wars, and the post-war end of formal colonial empires that heralded the rise to dominance of the modern nation state. The chapter maps the points of differentiation between field theory approaches and other approaches. It recognizes other key elements of Bourdieusian field theory, such as fields that consist of objective relations between actors and the subjective and cultural forms of those relations.

Province and Nation: The Chekiang Provincial Autonomy Movement, 1917–1927

1977 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Keith Schoppa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Nation State ◽  
National Integration ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Administrative Efficiency ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Provincial Autonomy

Humiliated and shaken by the depredations of the imperialist nations, early twentieth-century Chinese leaders sought the establishment of a strong nation-state. Bitter struggles over the means to reach that goal—primarily over the distribution of political power—ended in the demise of the Ch'ing, the defeat of Yuan Shih-k'ai, and the turmoil of the “warlord” period. After Yuan's death in 1916, the dispute over distribution of power thrust into serious consideration the model of a federation for building a nation out of China's disparate regions and interests. Some felt that a federation was perhaps a more effective integrating form than the centralized bureaucratic model the late Ch'ing and Yuan Shih-k'ai had supported. The debate was not new in China. However, during the empire, proponents of centralization (chün-hsien) and decentralization (feng-chien) had been concerned with finding the form that would produce the greatest stability and administrative efficiency; now the Chinese were obsessed with the issue for life-and-death reasons. 2 Rapid national integration seemed imperative for China's survival. In 1901, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao had discussed the possibilities of a Chinese federation; 3 but, until 1916, federalism was effectively submerged by the centralizers. Amid increasing turmoil after Yuan's death, federalism seemed to provide an answer to chaotic instability.

scholarly journals The Nation and Its Logic in Early Twentieth-Century China*

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo K. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Nationalist Discourse ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Point Of Departure

Abstract Of the radical transformations that have been associated with modern China, one of the most significant, historians would agree, is the permeation of the convictions — often with the aid of concepts borrowed from Europe via Japan — that Chinese people are inherently a nation (min zu) and that China is, by extension, a nation-state (guo jia). But as many have noted, the process of adopting and internalizing such convictions was far from linear. Taking as its point of departure the contested nature of the nationalist discourse and drawing particular attention to the border province of Guangxi, this paper seeks not only to identify the logic and fundamental tensions inherent in the construction of the nation (especially from the perspective of a border region) but also to explain why such tensions have continued to plague present-day China.

‘On the Safe and Right Lines’: The Lloyd George Government and the Origins of the League of Nations, 1916–1918

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Yearwood
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Society ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Total War ◽  
Peace And Justice ◽  
Post War ◽  
Durable Peace

The success of wartime governments in the twentieth century is determined not just by their effectiveness in waging war, but also by their ability to plan for peace. Mobilizing the population for total war and winning the benevolent neutrality or active support of major uncommitted powers require the projection of a vision of a better, peaceful world which will be the necessary consequence of victory. The reordering of international society is therefore proclaimed as a war aim of each belligerent. By December 1916, when Lloyd George displaced Asquith, the desirability of establishing a league of nations was already a matter of serious popular and diplomatic discussion. The new administration almost immediately had to state its attitude on questions of post-war international organization. In launching his peace initiative President Wilson called for the establishment after the war of a ‘league of nations to insure peace and justice’. The joint reply of the Entente powers endorsed the setting up of such a body. In a separate commentary, which was given wide publicity in America, the foreign secretary, A. J. Balfour, explained that, as a condition of durable peace, ‘behind international law, and behind all treaty arrangements for preventing or limiting hostilities, some form of international sanction should be devised which would give pause to the hardiest aggressor’.

scholarly journals A Qualitative Analysis of the Poem “The Waste Land” to Investigate Spiritual Sterility, Moral Degradation of the Post-war Modern People and the Path of Salvation

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Nazmul Haque ◽  
Fahmida Pervin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Indian Philosophy ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
The Waste Land ◽  
Waste Land ◽  
Sexual Perversion ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Post War ◽  
Relationship Of

This paper’s overriding concern is to analyze the moral degradation, spiritual sterility, fragmentation, damaged psyche of humanity, the disillusionment of early twentieth-century post-war modern Europe and of course the path of salvation that are enormously manifest in the Thomas Stearns Eliot’s poem ‘The Waste Land’. In the question of regeneration or salvation, Eliot in this poem instructs the morally and spiritually sterile modern man to follow the Indian philosophy, Vedas and Upanishads, the storehouse of knowledge, relief, and source of spiritualism, redemption and salvation. And also he concludes the poem with the sense that if they practise them in their life as instructed, there will be nothing but Shantih, shantih, shantih (peace and tranquility) in their life. This paper thus attempts to dissect how the poem develops exerting the acute sense of spiritual infertility, moral degradation, sexual perversion, meaninglessness in the human relationship of the post-war-devastated and dysfunctional world and concludes with the instruction of the path of salvation.

Harold Laski (1893–1950): political theorist of a world in crisis

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER LAMB
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Politics ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Turbulent Environment ◽  
Political Theorist ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
Post War

Harold Laski was a writer who exercised enormous influence in the turbulent environment of the early to mid-twentieth century. Though normally regarded as a political theorist, Laski frequently wrote on the problems of international politics. Certainly, his work was fully engaged with world issues in the inter-war and post-war periods. Like many critical and idealist thinkers of the time, he initially hoped that the League of Nations would usher in a new, international democratic system. However his early hopes gave way to a more pessimistic (and more radical) perspective, and from the late 1920s onwards he believed that the only way of transcending the existing system of sovereign states was by moving beyond capitalism. Combining a critique of both the Westphalian system and the market which he assumed underpinned it, Laski raised major questions – relevant to his own times and to ours too. Mainly ignored since his death, it is perhaps time that the work of this unduly neglected figure should be revisited.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Daniel Aureliano Newman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Developmental Models ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
New Models ◽  
Species Evolution ◽  
Recapitulation Theory

The introduction outlines historical and formal links between Bildung, biology, and the narrative strategies used by modernist novelists. The classical Bildungsroman, with its insistent linearity, originated from the same organicist aesthetics and ideology as one of the nineteenth-century’s most pervasive biological narratives: recapitulation, in which individual development (ontogeny) repeats species evolution (phylogeny) in miniature. By the early twentieth century, however, this linear biological paradigm was giving way to a more complex set of nonlinear developmental models, which served as inspiration or even templates for the formal experiments of several prominent novelists seeking to rehabilitate the ideals associated with the Bildungsroman. Linking the various new models is the concept of reversion, a developmental disruption of simple chronology that would seem, from the perspective of recapitulation theory, to be regressive or otherwise pathological. Each of the novels featured in the book incorporates some form of biologically derived reversion into its narrative structure, allowing it to retain Bildung’s spiritual and aesthetic ideals while challenging the reductionism and sinister political implications of recapitulation theory.

Engendering a New Age: Isabella Ford and Alfred Orage

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Livesey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
New Age ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Press ◽  
Edward Carpenter

This chapter analyses the dissemination of socialist aesthetics in the press up until 1914. During the 1890s, the rise of the ILP shifted the locus of such debates from London to northern manufacturing towns, as is evident from the contributions of Isabella Ford, Margaret McMillan, Robert Blatchford, and Alfred Orage to the Clarion, Labour Leaden and the Leeds Arts Club. The discussion focuses on the development of Orage's politics and aesthetics from his early work with Isabella Ford and Edward Carpenter in Leeds to the peak of his influence as editor of the New Age in 1914. Orage came to reject both the ‘sentimental’ aesthetics of the ILP and the compromises of the Parliamentary Labour Party in the early twentieth century; turning instead to the model of guild socialism.

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