Reform through Books

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-171
Author(s):  
Ahmed El Shamsy
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Life Goals ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Sociocultural Change ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
Language Reform ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Scholarly Attention

This chapter focuses on two reformers, the Egyptian Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905) and the Syrian Ṭāhir al-Jazāʾirī (1852–1920). As a reformer, ʿAbduh in particular as received a significant amount of scholarly attention. However, his contributions to the development of Islamic book culture in the service of language reform—the second of his self-identified life goals alongside religious reform—remain little known, as do those made by al-Jazāʾirī. Confronted with a growing body of printed literature, including books translated from European languages as well as an increasingly diverse range of Arabic works, some scholars recognized the powerful potential of print to serve their objective of broad, indigenously rooted sociocultural change. Driven by lofty goals such as the renewal of the Arabic language, elevation of public discourse, and cultivation of ethical sentiments in society, these religious reformers excavated the classical tradition for forgotten books that could be harnessed as exemplars and disseminated across society thanks to print.

A Love of Learning

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Simaika ◽  
Nevine Henein
Keyword(s):  
Early Education ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
French Language ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Language Teacher ◽  
The Bible ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Love Of Learning ◽  
The Church

This chapter describes Marcus Simaika's early education. Marcus began his education at the Coptic Patriarchal School, founded by Patriarch Cyril IV and entirely maintained by the Coptic patriarchate. At school, Marcus studied the Bible and learned Coptic, Greek, and Arabic. His father forbade him to learn any European languages, believing that they would distract Marcus from ecclesiastic studies and interfere with his plan of consecrating him to the service of the Church. In his memoirs, Marcus recollects most of his teachers, including Sheikh Muhammad al-Kinawi, his Arabic language teacher, and Mikhail Effendi Abd al-Sayed, his English teacher. The chapter also discusses Marcus's time at the Collège des frères des écoles chrétiennes, where he studied the French language.

scholarly journals Locating the Judge within Sentencing Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharyn Roach Anleu ◽  
Russell Brewer ◽  
Kathy Mack
Keyword(s):  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
Research Traditions ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Sentencing Research ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Research into sentencing is undertaken from a range of theoretical, disciplinary and methodological perspectives. Each approach offers valuable insights, including a conception of the judge, sometimes explicit, often implicit. Little scholarly attention has been paid to directly interrogating the ways in which different research traditions construct the judge in the sentencing process. By investigating how different research approaches locate the judge as an actor in sentencing, theoretically and empirically, this article addresses that gap. It considers key examples of socio-legal scholarship which emphasise the judge as operating within experiential, emotional and social, as well as legal dimensions. This growing body of research offers a more social, relational and interactive understanding of the judge in sentencing, extending and complementing the valuable, but necessarily limited, insights of other research approaches about the place of the judge in sentencing.

scholarly journals AL-USHÛL AL-FIKRIYAH WA AL-QADHÂYÂ AL-MANTHIQIYAH LI AL-TADZKÎR WA AL-TA'NÎTS FÎ AL-LUGHAH AL-'ARABIYAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damhuri Damhuri ◽  
Ratni Bt. H. Bahri
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Ancient Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

This article aimed to discuss the theory of mudzakkar and muannats in Arabic. The classification of mudzakkar and muannats is found in most languages, not only in the Smith-Hmit languages family, but also in the Indo-European languages with varying quality and quantity. This linguistic phenomenon is very powerful and is one of the characteristics of the Arabic language. The most popular theory of word grouping into mudzakkar (male) and muannats (females) is a theory seeing a connection and relationship between the word (lafaz) and the meaning (ma’na). In the historical perspective of ancient society, it is also associated with the myths of public belief based on the nature of the world in general consists of mudzakkar and muannats. These theory - in another perspective - especially the ancient society has the power of argument and reason, but in the perspective of modern society has a deadlock of argument and loses its relevance.

scholarly journals Mānasa Bhajare: A Commentary on Sathya Sai Baba’s First Public Discourse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Rigopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Teaching Activity ◽  
The Village ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Ratnākaram Sathyanārāyaṇa Rāju alias Sathya Sai Baba (1926-2011), from the village of Puttaparthi in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh, has been one of the most popular Indian gurus. Scholarly attention has focused on his charismatic figure, purported powers and transnational movement but very little on his teaching activity, though the guru considered it to be an essential part of his mission as an avatāra. Indeed he constantly engaged in teaching (upadeśa), both through his discourses and his writings. This article offers a commentary to his first public discourse, which he delivered in his ashram of Prasanthi Nilayam on 17 October 1953, on the final day of the Dasara festival.

Sentiment Analysis of Arabic Documents

2021 ◽  
pp. 307-331
Author(s):  
Hichem Rahab ◽  
Mahieddine Djoudi ◽  
Abdelhafid Zitouni
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Arabic Speakers ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Arabic Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Considerable Work ◽  
The Web

Today, it is usual that a consumer seeks for others' feelings about their purchasing experience on the web before a simple decision of buying a product or a service. Sentiment analysis intends to help people in taking profit from the available opinionated texts on the web for their decision making, and business is one of its challenging areas. Considerable work of sentiment analysis has been achieved in English and other Indo-European languages. Despite the important number of Arabic speakers and internet users, studies in Arabic sentiment analysis are still insufficient. The current chapter vocation is to give the main challenges of Arabic sentiment together with their recent proposed solutions in the literature. The chapter flowchart is presented in a novel manner that obtains the main challenges from presented literature works. Then it gives the proposed solutions for each challenge. The chapter reaches the finding that the future tendency will be toward rule-based techniques and deep learning, allowing for more dealings with Arabic language inherent characteristics.

Automatic Arabic Text Summarization System (AATSS) Based on Semantic Features Extraction

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil M. Hewahi ◽  
Kathrein Abu Kwaik
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Local Newspaper ◽  
Summarization System ◽  
Arabic Text Summarization ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

Recently, the need has increased for an effective and powerful tool to automatically summarize text. For English and European languages an intensive works have been done with high performance and nowadays they look forward to multi-document and multi-language summarization. However, Arabic language still suffers from the little attentions and research done in this filed. In this paper, we propose a model to automatically summarize Arabic text using text extraction. Various steps are involved in the approach: preprocessing text, extract set of features, classify sentence based on scoring method, ranking sentences and finally generate an extracted summary. The main difference between the proposed system and other Arabic summarization systems are the consideration of semantics, entity objects such as names and places, and similarity factors in our proposed system. The proposed system has been applied on news domain using a dataset osbtained from Local newspaper. Manual evaluation techniques are used to evaluate and test the system. The results obtained by the proposed method achieve 86.5% similarity between the system and human summarization. A comparative study between our proposed system and Sakhr Arabic online summarization system has been conducted. The results show that our proposed system outperforms Shakr system.

The Irish in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Problems of Integration

1981 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 149-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. G. Ó Tuathaigh
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Irish Immigrants ◽  
Victorian Britain ◽  
The Past ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Unlike their American cousins, the Irish immigrants in nineteenth-century Britain have, until recently, received comparatively little scholarly attention from historians. This is not to say that their presence in Victorian Britain has gone unnoticed; far from it. Throughout the nineteenth century the doings and, much more often, the mis-doings of the immigrant Irish were logged in massive detail by an army of social investigators, philanthropists, clergymen, royal commissions and parliamentary committees. But, with very few exceptions, the scholarly analysis of the data has only begun in earnest during the last two decades, and especially during the past few years. In a growing body of local and regional studies, and in studies of particular aspects of the Irish presence, the literature on the Irish immigrants is becoming not only more plentiful but also conceptually more sophisticated.

scholarly journals National Sentiment: Nation Building and Emotional Language in Nineteenth-Century Finland

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-83
Author(s):  
Jani Marjanen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Collective Emotion ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
National Sentiment ◽  
The Russian Empire

AbstractDuring the course of the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, the term “national sentiment” was coined and subsequently established in several European languages. The emergence of the term in several different languages at roughly the same time is indicative of changes both in the experiences of nationhood and of emotion. This chapter explores the development of the term “national sentiment” in Finnish public discourse and argues that it was transformed during the course of the nineteenth century. Early in the century, it denoted an individualistic feeling that romantic intellectuals hoped people would turn to, whereas it later became a description of a collective emotion. It was used to describe the atmosphere among one of the nationalities in Finland in particular, or the Russian empire in general. In this process, the term became more restrictive and lost its links to performing emotions relating to the nation.

scholarly journals Allah i nie tylko – podstawowe określenia Boga w arabskiej terminologii prawosławnej

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
Dominika Kovačević ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Introductory Part ◽  
Liturgical Texts ◽  
Long Time

The word “Allah” is associated usually with Islam. However, this term had been used among Arab Christians much earlier before the rise of Islam. Arabic language has been used in Orthodox service for almost 2000 years, so many terms have been developed long time ago. Among the most basic terms are the ones that call God and describe Him. They are used in the hymnography and prayers, sermons, articles and everyday life. However, in Polish literature those terms are still little known. Since Arabic belongs to the Semitic family of languages, its character is very different from Greek, Church Slavonic and Polish, and this affects a different point of view on some theological terms and also their variety. It also results in wealth of the terms related to God. The main reason of the differences in comparison with European languages is specific system of the Arabic language: the system of roots and themes. This is specified in the introductory part. The most basic terms related to God are presented and analyzed below. The terms are taken mainly from the liturgical texts, and some of them also from the Holy Scripture and sermons. Each term is also written in Church Slavonic to make it easier for the reader to understand it, since the Polish Orthodox terminology has not yet been established and unified. Each Arabic term is written in the original notation and ISO transcription used by Arabists in Poland.

scholarly journals The effect of frequency and phonological neighbourhood density on the acquisition of past tense verbs by Finnish children

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna Kirjavainen, ◽  
Alexandre Nikolaev, ◽  
Evan Kidd,
Keyword(s):  
Emergent Property ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Associative Mechanism ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Elicitation Study ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Report Data

AbstractThe acquisition of the past tense has received substantial attention in the psycholinguistics literature, yet most studies report data from English or closely related Indo-European languages. We report on a past tense elicitation study on 136 4–6-year-old children that were acquiring a highly inflected Finno-Ugric (Uralic) language—Finnish. The children were tested on real and novel verbs (N = 120) exhibiting (1) productive, (2) semi-productive, or (3) non-productive inflectional processes manipulated for frequency and phonological neighbourhood density (PND). We found that Finnish children are sensitive to lemma/base frequency and PND when processing inflected words, suggesting that even though children were using suffixation processes, they were also paying attention to the item level properties of the past tense verbs. This paper contributes to the growing body of research suggesting a single analogical/associative mechanism is sufficient in processing both productive (i.e., regular-like) and non-productive (i.e., irregular-like) words. We argue that seemingly rule-like elements in inflectional morphology are an emergent property of the lexicon.

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