The Rebellion of the Daughters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Manekin
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
University Education ◽  
Orthodox Jewish ◽  
Traditional Schools ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
World War ◽  
Educational Innovations

This book investigates the flight of young Jewish women from their Orthodox, mostly Hasidic, homes in Western Galicia (now Poland) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In extreme cases, hundreds of these women sought refuge in a Kraków convent, where many converted to Catholicism. Those who stayed home often remained Jewish in name only. The book reconstructs the stories of three Jewish women runaways and reveals their struggles and innermost convictions. Unlike Orthodox Jewish boys, who attended “cheders,” traditional schools where only Jewish subjects were taught, Orthodox Jewish girls were sent to Polish primary schools. When the time came for them to marry, many young women rebelled against the marriages arranged by their parents, with some wishing to pursue secondary and university education. After World War I, the crisis of the rebellious daughters in Kraków spurred the introduction of formal religious education for young Orthodox Jewish women in Poland, which later developed into a worldwide educational movement. The book chronicles the belated Orthodox response and argues that these educational innovations not only kept Orthodox Jewish women within the fold but also foreclosed their opportunities for higher education. Exploring the estrangement of young Jewish women from traditional Judaism in Habsburg Galicia at the turn of the twentieth century, the book brings to light a forgotten yet significant episode in Eastern European history.

scholarly journals Albanien als Krisen- und Kriegsgebiet 1908–1921

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Opfer-Klinger
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
The Political ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
World War ◽  
Postwar Europe ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
Permanent Shape

Abstract The Albanian national movement was still quite young and heterogeneous when international conflicts lead to the foundation of the Albanian state in 1912/13. Located by the strategically important Strait of Otranto, it came into existence as a compromise and under the protection of the Great Powers in a time when the Osman Empire was collapsing and the South-eastern European States were practising an aggressive policy of expansion. Only a few months later World War I broke out and affected the region severely. Consequently, it took another ten years for the Albanian state to take permanent shape within the changed order of postwar Europe. At this point, however, the political self-concept of Albania had altered pertinently due to constant foreign intervention and occupation by opposing war parties. Some of these influences continue to affect Albania to the present day.

scholarly journals Między filarami opieki społecznej, pracy na polu kultury, upolitycznienia i feminizmu. Syjonistyczne „Koło Kobiet Żydowskich” we Lwowie (1908–1939)

2021 ◽  
pp. 377-405
Author(s):  
Angelique Leszczawski-Schwerk
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Jewish Woman ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
World War ◽  
Women's Associations ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Between the Pillars of Welfare, Cultural Work, Politicization, and Feminism: The Zionist “Circle of Jewish Women” in Lviv, 1908–1939 The Circle of Jewish Women (“Koło Kobiet Żydowskich”), founded in Lemberg/Lviv in 1908 and active until 1939, played a vital role in the organization of Zionist women in the city and other places in Eastern Galicia. It was founded, among others, by Róża Pomeranc Melcer, one of the pioneers of Zionist women’s associations in Galicia and the first and only Jewish woman parliamentarian in the Second Polish Republic. Nevertheless, the history of the Circle, as well as the work of its many active members—many of whom perished in the Holocaust—has been almost forgotten and is rarely explored. The author of the article argues that this organization not only represents social welfare, but it also embodies elements of social support, cultural work, politicization, and feminism. Therefore, the author emphasizes the role the Circle played in the process of organizing Zionist women in Lviv and Galicia before World War I and especially during the interwar period in the Second Polish Republic, and how it contributed to women’s emancipation. Thus, the history of one of the most important Zionist women’s organizations is reconstructed and its versatile work facets explored in more detail.

Immigrants against the State

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenyon Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
World War I ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World War ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
Racial Hierarchies

From the 1880s through the 1940s, tens of thousands of first- and second-generation immigrants embraced the anarchist cause after arriving on American shores. This book explores why these migrants turned to anarchism, and how their adoption of its ideology shaped their identities, experiences, and actions. The book focuses on Italians and Eastern European Jews in San Francisco, New York City, and Paterson, New Jersey. Tracing the movement's changing fortunes from the pre-World War I era through the Spanish Civil War, the book argues that anarchists, opposed to both American and Old World nationalism, severed all attachments to their nations of origin but also resisted assimilation into their host society. Their radical cosmopolitan outlook and identity instead embraced diversity and extended solidarity across national, ethnic, and racial divides. Though ultimately unable to withstand the onslaught of Americanism and other nationalisms, the anarchist movement nonetheless provided a shining example of a transnational collective identity delinked from the nation-state and racial hierarchies.

Bringing the Daughters Back

2020 ◽  
pp. 182-235
Author(s):  
Rachel Manekin
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Young Men ◽  
First World War ◽  
Orthodox Jewish ◽  
Female Education ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Running Away ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

This chapter looks at the model of Orthodox female education developed in Kraków, where the teachers' seminary was adopted as the highest learning institution for young Orthodox women. It discusses the rebellion of the daughters in Habsburg Galicia that continued until World War I as many young daughters, even young men, from Orthodox Jewish homes abandon the ways of their parents. It also points out how the phenomenon of Galician young Jewish females running away and seeking refuge in the Felician Sisters' convent eventually stopped. The chapter explores how the First World War changed the map of the Habsburg Empire and made Galicia in 1918 part of the newly created Second Polish Republic. It elaborates how the laws in the Second Polish Republic eliminated the legal conditions that facilitated the runaway phenomenon.

scholarly journals German children’s art during World War I

2021 ◽  
pp. 204361062110156
Author(s):  
Carolyn Kay
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Classroom Teachers ◽  
Young Student ◽  
World War ◽  
Children's Art ◽  
Art Instruction ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Creative Learning ◽  
History Of

My article considers German wartime propaganda and pedagogy from 1914 to 1916, which influenced young schoolchildren (aged 5–14) to create drawings and paintings of Germany’s military in World War I. In this art, the children drew bodies of German soldiers as tough, heroic, on the move, armed with powerful weapons, and part of a superior military movement; their enemies (French, Russian, British soldiers) embodied disorder, backwardness, ineptitude, and deadly weakness. The artwork by these schoolchildren thus reveals the intense propaganda of the war years, and the children’s tendency to see the German military as the most accomplished combatant in the war. During the first two years of the war, in the primary schools of the nation, many children did such art under the supervision of teachers who passionately embraced the nation and the war cause. Within the classroom, teachers directed students to imagine the war by drawing scenes of battles, including the sinking of the Lusitania. Some of these teachers had been influenced by the Kunsterziehungsbewegung (the arts’ education movement) and thus encouraged children’s creativity in art of the war years. In this pedagogical wartime environment the young student became actively engaged in creative learning and study about the war, expressing romantic ideas of the indomitable German soldier and sailor. My research has involved analysis of over 250 school drawings done by children aged 10–14 in a school in Wilhelmsburg, near Hamburg, in 1915. I analyze the depiction of the German forces in six of these sources and also consider the history of art instruction in German schools. Furthermore, I address the ways in which historians can analyze children’s art as a historical document for understanding the child’s experience.

The Ethnic Saloon as a Form of Immigrant Enterprise

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Rothbart
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Social Embeddedness ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World War ◽  
Mining Town ◽  
Ethnic Entrepreneurship ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
Upward Social Mobility ◽  
Eastern European Immigrants

While some maintain that immigrant enterprise promotes the upward social mobility of new ethnic groups, others argue that it often contributes little to group advancement. This article examines the case of ethnic saloons owned by Eastern European immigrants in a Pennsylvania coal-mining town between 1880 and World War I. It is argued that social embeddedness eased the entry of Eastern Europeans into the business but restricted their ability to succeed. Most went out of business and returned to blue-collar work after a few years. Only the few who diversified or expanded beyond the ethnic saloon market accumulated much wealth. Thus, in this case, ethnic entrepreneurship contributed little to group advancement.

In pursuit of homogeneity: the Lausanne Conference, minorities and the Turkish nation

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeşim Bayar
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World War ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
The Status ◽  
New Nation ◽  
Turkish Case ◽  
Muslim Minorities

Following World War I, the Allied Powers signed Minority Treaties with a number of Central and Eastern European states. These treaties delineated the status of religious, ethnic and linguistic minorities in their respective countries. Turkey would be one of the last states that sat down to the negotiation table with the Allied Powers. In the Turkish case, the Lausanne Treaty would be the defining document which set out a series of rights and freedoms for the non-Muslim minorities in the newly created nation. The present article explores how and why the non-Muslim minorities were situated in the fringes of the new nation. In doing so, the article highlights the content of the discussions in the Lausanne Conference and in the Turkish Grand National Assembly with an emphasis on the position of the Turkish political elite.

scholarly journals Nation, Religion, Gender: The Triple Challenge of Middle-Class German-Jewish Women in World War I

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Steer
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
German Society ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
World War ◽  
Female Self ◽  
Weimar Germany ◽  
German Jewish ◽  
Wartime Experience

AbstractGerman-Jewish women are elusive figures in the current literature on World War I. Looking at the complexity of their wartime experience and its consequences for the Weimar years, this article deals with Jewish middle-class women's tripartite motivation as Germans, Jews, and females to make sacrifices for the war. To that end, it traces their efforts to help Germany to victory, to gain suffrage, and to become integrated into German society. At the same time, the article shows how these women not only transformed the war into an opportunity for greater female self-determination but also responded to wartime and postwar antisemitism. The experience of the war and the need for reorientation after 1918 motivated them to become more involved in the affairs of the German-Jewish community itself and to contribute significantly to shaping public Jewish life in Weimar Germany—but without giving up their German identity.

The International Claims Commission of the United States: August 28, 1950- June 30, 1953

1953 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zvonko R. Rode
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World War ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Foreign Government ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Moderate Scale

Expropriation of property belonging to aliens in foreign countries was unusual prior to World War I. Occasional cases could be found, but such expropriation was always restricted to one or a few owners of property who, for various reasons, came into conflict with a foreign government. Wholesale expropriation of foreign-owned property began on a moderate scale in Mexico in 1915, and was later expanded in that country. Expropriation of all kinds of property, including foreign property, was introduced by Soviet Russia after the 1917 revolution. After World War I some Eastern European countries, such as Poland, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, began to expropriate the large agrarian estates of the former German, Austrian, and Hungarian nobility and other rich landowners. These expropriations were, by the terms of the agrarian reform laws, based upon compensation to be paid by the respective states.

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