Protecting California’s Coast

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-114
Author(s):  
David Vogel

This chapter begins by exploring the conflicts over Southern California's beaches and coastal areas and then turns to efforts to protect the San Francisco Bay and the entire Pacific coast. In addition to its aesthetic value and opportunities for recreation, the coast is a major economic resource. It enhances the value of property located on or near it, and the coastal area also contains substantial deposits of oil. Precisely because the coast is a scarce and valuable resource with so many competing uses, protecting it, like the coastal redwoods, has been highly contentious. On one important dimension, the dynamics of two of the important cases described in this chapter depart from the book's explanatory framework. The campaigns to establish the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, the world's first coastal protection agency, as well as the more sweeping California Coastal Commission, received no business support. In both cases, the interests of business were not divided. Rather, their creation was made possible by extensive citizen mobilization, an outcome that reveals the important role played by public support for environmental protection in California beginning in the middle of the twentieth century.

Author(s):  
Dominic McIver Lopes

A theory of aesthetic value should help us to make sense of how our aesthetic commitments matter to us as members of collectives. Aesthetic policies endogenous to aesthetic practices are directly justified by the network theory. The chapter looks at what aesthetic reasons we have to adopt exogenous aesthetic policies. Many argue that aesthetic practices deserve public support because aesthetic goods are public goods. A case is made for an aesthetic opportunity principle: larger social groups have reason to foster the aesthetic opportunities available to their members. The principle is applied to arts education and to communication technologies subserving aesthetic exchanges. The chapter ends with a discussion of how aesthetic opportunity interacts with—and can potentially counteract—oppressive social structures.


Author(s):  
Lesley C. Ewing

Coastal areas are important residential, commercial and industrial areas; but coastal hazards can pose significant threats to these areas. Shoreline/coastal protection elements, both built structures such as breakwaters, seawalls and revetments, as well as natural features such as beaches, reefs and wetlands, are regular features of a coastal community and are important for community safety and development. These protection structures provide a range of resilience to coastal communities. During and after disasters, they help to minimize damages and support recovery; during non-disaster times, the values from shoreline elements shift from the narrow focus on protection. Most coastal communities have limited land and resources and few can dedicate scarce resources solely for protection. Values from shore protection can and should expand to include environmental, economic and social/cultural values. This paper discusses the key aspects of shoreline protection that influence effective community resilience and protection from disasters. This paper also presents ways that the economic, environmental and social/cultural values of shore protection can be evaluated and quantified. It presents the Coastal Community Hazard Protection Resilience (CCHPR) Index for evaluating the resilience capacity to coastal communities from various protection schemes and demonstrates the use of this Index for an urban beach in San Francisco, CA, USA.


Oryx ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Harrington

Polar bears are on the IUCN list of endangered species. In 1961, when there were signs of serious depletions, the Canadian Wildlife Service started a five-year research project on the polar bear's biology and ecology, and the author is engaged on this work. He points out that polar bears are a most valuable resource, especially to the Canadian Eskimos, and if their numbers are allowed to dwindle to the point at which they have to be given complete protection they will have little more than aesthetic value, which in the case of an Arctic species is limited. These extracts from a comprehensive paper on the polar bear's life history and status are reproduced from “Canadian Audubon” by kind permission of the author and editor.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Permana Ari Soejarwo ◽  
Rismawaty Rusdi ◽  
Taryono Kodiran ◽  
Umi Muawanah

Indonesia coastal areas have considerable natural disaster potential including in Kalianda District South Lampung Regency. Natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic activity are likely to occur in coastal areas. The disaster has an impact on economic losses in the marine tourism area. In order to mitigate tsunami disasters in the marine tourism area of Kalianda District, South Lampung Regency, 3 (three) types of tsunami mitigation are needed, namely: construction of coastal protection, installation of the Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) and planting of coastal vegetation. This study aims to determine the value of willingness to pay (WTP) of community and tourists in supporting the management of the three types of tsunami disaster mitigation above by using economic valuation / Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The results of this study indicate that the WTP value of community for coastal protection management is Rp 15.547/person/month while the WTP value of tourist is Rp 12.030/one time entry. Meanwhile, for the WTP value of TEWS management is obtained Rp 12.174/person/month. WTP value for the management of coastal vegetation is Rp 12.444/person/month. The WTP calculation is based on consideration of 3 (three) factors, namely age, income, livelyhood and education level. This research shows that the community and tourists are willing to pay for the management of the three types of tsunami disaster mitigation through BUMDes and entrance fees for marine tourism area. The three types of tsunami disaster mitigation can protect, provide security and calm to the community and tourists in the marine tourism area of Kalianda District, South Lampung Regency from future tsunami.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelia Cojocaru ◽  

Among the revolutions that took place in the twentieth century, one of the most important was the managerial revolution. It was during this period that management became a separate field, developing intensely even today. Currently, in all developed countries, more attention is paid to the training of professional managers, because "the task of the leader is to be more and more efficient". The need to professionalize managerial activity in the field of education was realized in the West in the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century [1]. In the Republic of Moldova, this problem began to be addressed only in the 90s. Almost a hundred years ago, the author who founded the scientific management, Frederick Taylor, postulated the principle "Strict record of time and standardization of work" making a huge step towards increasing efficiency in the organization. Management means efficient and effective management of an activity. From this perspective, the manager cannot ensure the efficiency for the institution for which he is responsible if he does not know how to manage the resources efficiently. In addition, time is a precious, pretentious and irreversible economic resource: time is the rarest resource being irreplaceable but at the same time "unlimited", it is expensive, but it cannot be bought, stored, multiplied, and its loss cannot be assured either. By the largest insurance company in the world, so it cannot be "compensated", a source that can increase efficiency and profit, so that its good management is an essential skill [2].


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G. Zhukovina

Настоящая статья посвящена существующим проблемам комплексного управления прибрежными зонами, отсутствию понятийного аппарата в современных законодательных актах, несовершенству законодательной базы. Проведено сравнение российских нормативноправовых актов с иностранными, регулирующими деятельность комплексного управления прибрежными зонами (КУПЗ). Выделены факторы, сдерживающие развитие пляжного туризма. Особое внимание уделяется отсутствию определенного понятия прибрежная зона . Большая часть истории человечества прочно связана с бухтами, заливами, морями и океанами, поскольку исторически прибрежные полосы являлись наиболее привлекательными для их заселения и/или для ведения хозяйственной деятельности. Спустя тысячелетия улучшились условия труда и производства, человечество переживает очередную научнотехническую революцию и уже в гораздо меньшей степени испытывает зависимость от внешних факторов, формируя свою внешнюю среду, но как сотни, тысячи лет назад побережье играет столь же значительную роль в жизни человечества, как и в прошлом. Несомненно, побережье является ценным природным ресурсом. В настоящее время прибрежные зоны привлекают внимание не только исключительно с хозяйственной точки зрения или как район благоприятный для заселения. Прибрежные зоны сегодня рассматриваются, как эффективный рекреационный ресурс. Туристическая отрасль активно развивается, увеличивается доступность туристических услуг, уменьшается их стоимость. В туризм, организованный и неорганизованный, вовлекается все большее количество людей как в России, так и в мире. Происходящее развитие туристической деятельности связано с глобализацией, в которую вовлекаются все больше стран, с активной миграцией товаров, услуг, работ, капитала, знаний, ведь туризм является эффективным средством реализации социокультурных ценностей в сфере досуга. Неэффективная и бесконтрольная эксплуатация прибрежной зоны может повлечь за собой деградацию берегов, загрязнение береговой зоны, и, следовательно, это приведет к утрате рекреационной привлекательности. Одна из важных проблем, которую необходимо преодолеть, это поиск баланса между нуждами природопользователей и пределами сохранения естественных ландшафтов.The present article is devoted to the problems of integrated coastal zone management. This research highlights the lack of a conceptual apparatus in Russian modern legislative acts. A comparison of Russian regulatory legal acts with foreign ones regulating the activities of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) has been carried out. The factors constraining the development of beach tourism are selected in this research. The coastal zone and its ICZM are reviewed in Russian, US, and EU legislation. The attention is paid to the necessity to take the legal acts to control the coastal territories. Nowadays the coastal stripes attract economic resource as well as tourist resource. Currently the tourism industry is actively developing. More and more people are involved in organized and unorganized tourist activities. We can often watch tourists on vacation in various coastal areas. And these areas are often unorganized (or illegal) tourist sites. Inefficient and irrational use of the shores leads to severe environmental pollution, degradation of shores. This problem is very relevant, because the absence of such a regulatory act means the inability to regulate sufficiently the use of coastal strips for economic and tourist purposes. It should be noted that there is no comprehensive regulatory legal act that would comprehensively regulate tourist activities in the Russian legislation. A situation of misunderstanding is likely when solving the same issues by various organizations, nature users and the public without developing a clear conceptual apparatus. One of the important problems that must be overcome is to find a balance between the interests of users of nature, society and the possible tourist load on coastal areas without losing its natural landscape.


Author(s):  
Olena Pavlenko ◽  

The article gives a brief outline of Rostislav Dotsenko’s translation activity focusing on the translator’s contribution into Ukrainian literary space of the second half of the twentieth century, highlights aesthetic value of his Ukrainian interpretations as well as defines the basic principles of the artist’s translation concepts.


Author(s):  
Chris Coffman

“Seeing Stein’s Masculinity” analyses the shifting significance of visual images of and written texts about Stein. Driven by recent reinterpretations of Jacques Lacan’s theory of the gaze, this chapter reads his theories against the grain to counter arguments about the visual that reproduce binary thinking about gender. Queering his account of the gaze makes it possible to register the expanded array of masculinities mobilized in photographs of Stein by George Platt Lynes, Henri Manuel, and Man Ray as well as in their recent reception during the 2011 Seeing Gertrude Stein exhibit in San Francisco. Moreover, Stein’s own comments in The Autobiography about being photographed by Man Ray queer the heteronormative gaze that drives James Agee’s review of that book in the September 11, 1933 issue of Time whose cover featured Lynes’s image of Stein in profile. Tracking changes that have taken place between the early twentieth century and the present in attitudes toward her queer sexuality and masculinity, this chapter argues that traces of abjection remain in contemporary reactions to Stein despite greater acceptance of her gender, sexuality, and innovative writing.


Author(s):  
Alex Schafran

Silicon Valley as we know it emerged in part from encounters between the technology of the valley and the Bohemian culture of San Francisco. This San Francisco–Silicon Valley nexus would produce one of the most dynamic economic growth stories any region has ever seen. Over the course of the latter part of the twentieth century, this encounter eventually turned both San Francisco and Silicon Valley into massive jobs engines. This chapter examines the spaces where this engine was most powerful, the places that drove the economic cart which attracted so many new residents and so much investment. These are also the places that largely did either very little or not enough to house the people who held these jobs. They did even less for those who had suffered under the segregated conditions of the earlier era.


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