Mozi

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-78
Author(s):  
Paul R. Goldin
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  
Philosophical School ◽  
School Text ◽  
The Will ◽  
Firm Hierarchy

This chapter turns to the writings of Confucius' first great philosophical rival, Mozi, or Mo Di. From its obscure beginnings, Mohism quickly burgeoned into an influential philosophical school with a firm hierarchy and organization. Whatever their origins, Mohists soon came to be known first and foremost as thinkers. Mozi, the sole surviving repository of Mohist teachings, is extensive and is best understood as a school text. The core of the book is a sequence of what were originally thirty chapters advancing ten basic credos: “Exalting Worthies,” “Upward Conformity,” “Impartial Love,” “Objecting to [Military] Aggression,” “Moderating Expenditure,” “Moderating Funerals,” “The Will of Heaven,” “Clarifying Ghosts,” “Objecting to Music,” and “Objecting to Fatalism.”

Force in Nature

2020 ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
David Carus
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Core ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
The Will ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter explores Schopenhauer’s concept of force, which lies at the root of his philosophy. It is force in nature and thus in natural science that is inexplicable and grabs Schopenhauer’s attention. To answer the question of what this inexplicable term is at the root of all causation, Schopenhauer looks to the will within us. Through will, he maintains that we gain immediate insight into forces in nature and hence into the thing in itself at the core of everything and all things. Will is thus Schopenhauer’s attempt to answer the question of the essence of appearance. Yet will, as it turns out, cannot be known immediately as it is subject to time, and the acts of will, which we experience within us, do not correlate immediately with the actions of the body (as Schopenhauer had originally postulated). Hence, the acts of will do not lead to an explanation of force, which is at the root of causation in nature. Schopenhauer sets out to explain what is at the root of all appearances, derived from the question of an original cause, or as Schopenhauer states “the cause of causation,” but cannot determine this essence other than by stating that it is will; a will, however, that cannot be immediately known.

scholarly journals Freedom as a Structural Component of Personality in Philosophical and Religious Doctrine of Czeslaw Stanislaw Bartnik

2017 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Richard Gorban
Keyword(s):  
Structural Component ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Choice Making ◽  
The Core ◽  
Religious Doctrine ◽  
The Will ◽  
Backbone Structure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Outer Potential ◽  
Freedom And Responsibility

In this article, the author represents the aspect of philosophical and religious doctrine of Czeslaw Stanislaw Bartnik, a Polish personalist, which deals with the way the philosopher understands freedom as a structural component of a personality that enables a man to realize his inner and outer potential in both individual and social planes, in all dimensions of human existence: soul, body, intellect, will, actions, perception and creation of existence. Interrelation and interdependence between freedom and responsibility of a personality, as well as between freedom and will of a person, are the issues of principle for a Catholic thinker. As interpreted by Bartnik, responsibility is a measure of freedom, because of direct relationship between them: the more freedom a person possesses, the greater responsibility it takes to implement and use it. The relationship between freedom and will explains the dialectic character of structure of a personality. Freedom of a man is manifested through auto- determination, which means the ability of will to make free choices, and ultimately the will determines itself, being evaluated by practical mind. Freedom in personal existence concerns personality as a whole, but not the will or actions taken separately. That is why, Bartnik believes, it is better to speak about personal freedom and free existence of a personality. Choice -making proves freedom of a man, but when choosing an option, a person chooses himself, thus creating his own spiritual image. Existence consists of possibilities to choose from and means the core and backbone structure of a personality in the dynamic process of self-realization.

Breaking States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Porter
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
American Power ◽  
The Core ◽  
Western Power ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
Contingent Event ◽  
The Will

This chapter forms the core of the argument, tracing the ideological roots of ‘regime change’, identified as an underlying form of security-seeking. Though it took the structural fact of American power and the contingent event of the 9/11 terrorist attacks to make the assault on Saddam possible, it was also conditioned by the rise in the previous decade of a set of ideas about liberalism and security. Those ideas bred a ‘common sense’ that presented disputable ideas as obvious: that 9/11 was a harbinger, not an aberration, warranting high-risk and radical measures; that designated ‘rogue’ actors are undeterrable aggressors who we cannot live with; and that given the obvious ‘arc’ of history towards democracy and capitalism, Western power can be applied to transform whole regions if only Westerners have the will.

A Summary of the Philosophy of Contract

Boilerplate ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Jane Radin
Keyword(s):  
Contract Law ◽  
Exchange Theory ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Contractual Obligation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
Efficiency Theory ◽  
The Will ◽  
Theory Of Law

This chapter discusses the main streams of contract philosophy in order to elucidate the extent to which boilerplate is a permissible means of creating contractual obligation. In particular, it considers the deep embeddedness—the ineradicability—of the notion of voluntariness. It also compares and contrasts the economic efficiency theory of contract with the various theories based more directly on freedom of the will. The chapter first provides an overview of contract theory, focusing on autonomy (rights) and welfare theories, reliance theory, and equivalence of exchange theory. It then describes the basic premises of the economic theory of law, the role of incentives in maximizing social welfare, contract law, and property and liability rules. It shows that the existing philosophical theories of contract depend on the core notions of voluntariness, freedom of choice, or consent, thus making it difficult to incorporate boilerplate into the theories of contract.

scholarly journals Democracy, expertise and loyalty: Spoils systems or experts’ oligarchy

2019 ◽  
pp. 551-561
Author(s):  
Dragan Stanar
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Developing Democracies ◽  
The Core ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Entire Society ◽  
The Will ◽  
Democratic Systems

Virtue of loyalty represents one of the core virtues in democratic systems, as it enables the will of citizens to be implemented via decisions of elected government. Expertise represents a necessary attribute of every successful state apparatus, and it is an inevitable ingredient of all progress. This paper aims to explain the dynamic relationship between expertise and loyalty of non-elected personnel in democratic societies, with the focus on developing democracies, like the Serbian democracy. Neglection of loyalty to the legitimately elected government in favor of expertise undermines the core principles of democracy and drives a society into a sort of ?expert oligarchy?, in which there is no equality, and the will of the majority is ignored by the expert elite. On the other hand, neglection of expertise of appointed personnel in favor of their loyalty, as seen in the so-called spoils systems, is a recipe for a disaster and erosion of the entire society, as it places the state in the hands of ignorant laymen who can only offer unlimited loyalty. It is necessary to establish a minimum of expertise and loyalty of appointed, non-elected, personnel in democracies in order to create optimal conditions for progress. Inability to respect the principle of minimal expertise when appointing personnel in state apparatus suggests faulty policy and unfoundedness of policy of legitimately elected government.

The Flame of Eternity

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Will To Power ◽  
Death Of God ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Will ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
Eventual Death

This book provides a reexamination and new interpretation of Nietzsche's philosophy and the central role that the concepts of eternity and time, as he understood them, played in it. According to this book, Nietzsche's reflections on human life are inextricably linked to time, which in turn cannot be conceived of without eternity. Eternity is a measure of time, but also, the book argues, something Nietzsche viewed first and foremost as a physiological concept having to do with the body. The body ages and decays, involving us in a confrontation with our eventual death. It is in relation to this brute fact that we come to understand eternity and the finitude of time. Nietzsche argues that humanity has long regarded the impermanence of our life as an illness in need of curing. It is this “pathology” that Nietzsche called nihilism. Arguing that this insight lies at the core of Nietzsche's philosophy as a whole, the book seeks to explain and reinterpret Nietzsche's thought in light of it. It maintains that many of Nietzsche's main ideas—including his views on love, morality (beyond good and evil), the will to power, overcoming, the suprahuman (or the overman, as it is infamously referred to), the Death of God, and the myth of the eternal return—take on new meaning and significance when viewed through the prism of eternity.

Do the ten Mohist theses represent Mozi's thought? Reading the masters with a focus on mottos

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Defoort
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Difference

AbstractIn order to introduce Mozi's thought, almost every contemporary textbook on Chinese philosophy refers to his ten novel theses or dogmas, which have been preserved as the titles of the Core chapters (8–37): to elevate the worthy, to conform upward, to care for all, to condemn military aggression, to moderate expenses as well as burials, to acknowledge the will of Heaven and the percipient ghosts, and to condemn music as well as fatalism. Through a close reading of the Mozi and other early sources written by or attributed to masters, this paper argues, first, that these ten core ideas may not have been promoted by the earliest spokesmen of Mohism but gradually emerged while various layers of the book Mozi were written, and, second, that these ten ideas were not consistently attributed to early Mohism by Zhou and Han masters: their association of Mo with these specific mottos is limited and inconsistent. A focus on the most well-known motto – “care for all” – shows that there was no awareness of its belonging exclusively to one thinker or school. The difference between the earliest and the contemporary characterizations of Mozi sheds new light not only on early Mohism, but also on our preconceptions when reading early sources.

scholarly journals Posiciones, causas y razones en los Rvf: 1.- Voluntad de acabar y Spes en los sonetti CCXLVI y CCCXLIX. La vaticinatio post eventum de Agustinus

2013 ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Antonio Armisén Abós
Keyword(s):  
Don Quixote ◽  
Modular Network ◽  
Core Group ◽  
Beatific Vision ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Will ◽  
Symbolic Identity

Composición clásica y cristiana del Canzoniere. Los De musica libri VI de Agustín. La ‘voluntad de acabar’ en el cierre cifrado por el 17 de Parte prima y Parte seconda de los Rerum vulgarium fragmenta (Rvf). El decisivo año 17 y el sonetto CXVIII. Las fechas de redacción del Secretum, el augurio de Agustín sobre la muerte de Laura  y la dispositio final de las rime sparse. El hombre como meraviglia del sonetto CCIX, el ‘grupo central’, la ratio sesquiteria del Vat. lat. 3195 y la transcripción autógrafa del fascículo VI P¹. El crecimiento de la esperanza y la aspiración a la visión beatífica apoyados por la composición textual: las peticiones a la Muerte de la sestina doppia CCCXXXII, la forma impetrare y el sonetto CCCXLIX. La experiencia de la contextualización. Dos notas numéricas sobre la poesía de fray Luis de León. Posiciones marcadas, le fila benedette, red modular, recurrencia e imbricación narrativas. Inicios y finales. Textos para la identidad simbólica de Laura: el sonetto IV como propositio inicial y el sonetto CCXI como chiave de entrada al laberinto. La pietà de Laura. Amor uccellatore, la galassia ornitologica en los Rvf y su incidencia en el Quijote de 1615. Observaciones sobre el doble final del Canzoniere.The Canzoniere’s classical and christian composition. Augustine’s De musica libri VI. The 'will to end' in the encrypted closing by the 17 of Parte prima and Parte seconda of Rerum vulgarium fragmenta (RvF). The decisive year 17 and the sonetto CXVIII. The drafting dates of the Secretum, the Augustine’s omen on the death of Laura and the final dispositio of the rime sparse. Man as meraviglia of sonetto CCIX, the 'core group', the ratio sesquiteria of Vat lat. 3195 and the autographic transcription of the issue VI P¹. The growth of hope and the aspiration to the beatific vision supported by textual composition: Death requests of the sestina doppia CCCXXXII, the form impetrare and sonetto CCCXLIX. The experience of contextualization. Two numerical notes on the poetry of fray Luis de León. Marked positions, le fila benedette, modular network, recurrence and narrative interweaving. Beginnings and endings. Texts for Laura’s symbolic identity: the sonetto IV as initial propositio and the sonetto CCXI as chiave to entrance to the labyrinth. The pietà of Laura. Amor uccellatore, the galassia ornitologica in the RvF. and Don Quixote reader of Petrarca. Observations on the double ending of the Canzoniere.

scholarly journals Reconstructing Self- Identity: The Image of Albanian as “The Other”

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Brunilda Zenelaga ◽  
Aida Goga
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Will ◽  
Ending Process ◽  
Research Criteria ◽  
Core Issues

The “other” is seen as a social construction, which helps the establishing of the own identity. To explore how self-identity is reconstructed through deconstructing the image of “the other”, we chose to analyze the case of migrants, who are positioned as ‘the other’ and are treated as distant from the host societies. Albanians in Italy, especially those who have experienced the exodus of March and August of 1991, are at the center of the analysis, because they were the first ones in contact with the Italian society, after the collapse of the communist regime. The secondary data from the literature review and the qualitative primary data, generated from the biographical narration of eighteen people have been used to explore the phenomenon. In order to meet this research criteria, there are some questions to be answered which will help in solving the core issues of the problem. How the boats that arrived from Albanian coasts in Italy did create the image in the plural of settled people as “the other”? Which were the strategies used by these people to deconstruct the image as “the other”? How has self-identity been reconstructed through the time? The research pointed out that the image of “the other”, as a universal process, is created more quickly under the influence of factors that make the "other" more visible, such as the massive exodus through the boats. Although the mimesis tendency was adopted in Albanian immigrants’ case, pushed by the will for a positive social identity, the coexistence with the natives helped to rebuild the perceptions, attitudes, behaviors, and identities, even though self-identity is a never-ending process.   Received: 2 January 2021 / Accepted: 27 February 2021 / Published: 5 March 2021

What is Prophetic about Prophecies: Inspiration or Critical Memory?

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-195
Author(s):  
Matthias Wenk
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
People Of God ◽  
The Core ◽  
The People ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Will ◽  
False Prophets ◽  
Will Of God

Books on ‘how to speak prophetically’ are flourishing. They mainly build on the assumption that ‘inspired speech’ defines the core of the prophetic self-understanding. This conjecture is also reflected in many scholarly works on prophecy. This articles argues that at the heart of prophecy in both the Old and the New Testament lays the identity-forming narrative of the people of God. Based on 1 Cor. 1.10–2.16 it shall further be argued that the Spirit’s role may also be described in disclosing the significance of this narrative. That inspired oracles are not pivotal to the New Testament’s understanding of prophecy is further evidenced in Mt. 7.15–34: False prophets are not criticised for the content of their speech but for their lack of obedience to the will of God. Therefore, Pentecostals today might listen carefully to their own identity-forming narrative and telling the story might in itself be a prophetic act.

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