scholarly journals ASPECTS OF BIOLOGY OF Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), PARASITOID OF THE PAPAYA MEALYBUG

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Mega Wati ◽  
Aunu Rauf ◽  
Pudjianto Pudjianto
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Choice Preference ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
Host Stage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Honey Solution ◽  
Large Host ◽  
Preference Tests

Aspects of biology of Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoid of papaya mealybug. Acerophagus papayae Noyes & Schauff (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important parasitoid of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The study was conducted with the objective to determine various aspects of the biology of A. papayae which include the effect of diet on adult longevity, fecundity and progeny, host stage susceptibility and preference, the effect of host stages on immature development, body size, and sex ratio of progenies.  Effects of diet on adult longevity was done in the absence of hosts. Fecundity was measured by the number of mealybugs parasitized. Host stage susceptibility and preference were carried out by exposing 2nd  and 3rd  nymphal instars and pre-reproductive adults of mealybugs to parasitoids. Results showed adult parasitoids fed with 10% honey solution lived almost fourfold longer than those provided only water. A. papayae parasitized 30.1±4.92 mealybugs, with a range of 13-60 mealybugs, during 5.8 days of adult life.  In no-choice (susceptibility) and paired-choice (preference) tests, the percentage of parasitized hosts were significantly greater in 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs than in adults. The mean immature developmental time of A. papayae was longer when the parasitoids develop in large host. Developmental time of male parasitoids was shorter than the females. Female wasps which emerged from hosts parasitized at the 3rd instar nymphs and adults were significantly larger than those from the 2nd instar nymphs.  Sex ratios of the offspring emerged from hosts that were parasitized as 2nd instars were strongly male-biased, while the later stages yielded more females than males.  

scholarly journals Biological traits of Quadrastichus mendeli (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), parasitoid of the eucalyptus gall wasp Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) in Thailand

Parasite ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Benjakhun Sangtongpraow ◽  
Kosol Charernsom
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Time ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Potential Fecundity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Leptocybe Invasa ◽  
Eucalyptus Gall Wasp ◽  
Honey Solution

Quadrastichus mendeli Kim & La Salle, a parasitoid of Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle, is a uniparental species. This study assessed the biological traits of Q. mendeli in the laboratory at a temperature of 27 ± 1 °C. Diets had a highly significant effect on the mean longevity of female Q. mendeli. Feeding honey solution prolonged the mean longevity of the parasitoid to 4.80 days. The estimated 50% survival period was 3 days. The mean potential fecundity in all ages was 8.85 eggs per female. Age had a highly significant effect on the mean egg load. There was a positive relationship between egg load and female size. The mean of realized fecundity throughout the life span was 2.47 progenies per female. The mean developmental time of Q. mendeli from the egg to adult stage was 27.06 days. The shorter developmental time of Q. mendeli in comparison to its host can be considered a reason for the successful control of L. invasa in Thailand.

Developmental studies on Anagyrus mangicola (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the mealybug Rastrococcus invadens (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Cross ◽  
D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
Rastrococcus Invadens ◽  
Host Stage ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAnagyrus mangicola Noyes, a primary parasitoid of the mealybug Rastrococcus invadens Williams, a pest of fruit crops in West Africa, was studied under controlled conditions at 27°C and 75% r.h. Data are given on the larval stages, their morphology and duration of immature development. The sex ratios of emerging parasitoids, adult longevity, host stage preference, the relationship of the size of the emerging parasitoid to host stage and development time are also investigated.

scholarly journals Development and reproduction of Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal, 1927 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) eggs

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Parasitization Rate ◽  
Trichogramma Cacoeciae ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract The effects of temperature treatments (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 ±1ºC), parasite age, host age, and availability of food on the development and reproduction of the egg parasite Trichogramma cacoeciae on Cydia pomonella eggs, were examined. The results showed that temperature had a profound effect on the mean number of parasitized eggs/females and the survival of immatures to the adult stage. Parasitization was highest on the 1st day after emergence, gradually decreasing for the next 2-10 days (depending on the temperature); it reached a peak at 25±1 ºC. The results also showed an inverse relationship between temperature, developmental time and mean adult longevity; the rate of development increased and longevity decreased with increasing temperature. The availability of food (honey) increased the parasitization rate, and the younger the host (C. pomonella eggs), the more susceptible it was to parasitization.

Studies on the Ecology of the Levant House Fly (Musca domestica vicina Macq.).

1944 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Feldman-Muhsam
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
Duration Of Development

Cow dung was found to be suitable for breeding M. domestica vicina.The dependence of the duration of development on the temperature was investigated for all stages of development and could be suitably expressed by the formula of an equilateral hyperbola.Adult longevity was studied under various conditions of temperature and humidity. The maximum length of life in captivity was found to be 106 days, the average being 20–30 days. As the temperature rises, longevity decreases. Above 20°C, life is longest at a relative humidity of 42–55 per cent., whereas below 20°C., a lower humidity (30–40 per cent. R.H.) is favourable.Fertility was studied from the point of view of size of individual egg hatches and the frequency of oviposition.The mean number of eggs deposited by a female fly per day of adult life does not depend on the duration of adult life and does not change considerably during life.

scholarly journals Development of the parasitoid Bracon brevicornis on different larval instars (L2-L5) of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
G. A. Malesios ◽  
D. A. Prophetou-Athanasiadou
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Plodia Interpunctella ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Adult Life Span ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Indian Meal ◽  
Gregarious Parasitoid ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
The Mean ◽  
F1 Generation

Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a gregarious parasitoid that attacks a variety of important lepidopterous pests of stored products. The aim of this study was to determine if different larval instars of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) affected longevity and fecundity of parasitoid B. brevicornis. Percentage of parasitism, number of eggs laid on different larval instars of P. interpunctella, number of larvae, prepupae, pupae and the number of F2 adults of B. brevicornis as well as the developmental time of parasitoid egg, larva, prepupa, pupa and the total developmental time from egg to adult on different larval instars of the host were recorded. Our results showed that statistically significant differences were observed among the larval instars of P. interpunctella in all studied parameters. In L2 of P. interpunctella no eggs of B. brevicornis were observed. A few eggs laid on L3 but they were not developed successfully. Concerning the development of B. brevicornis on L4 and L5 instars of P. interpunctella statistically significant differences were observed between the two instars. The mean number of eggs laid by B. brevicornis on L4 of P. interpunctella per 10 days was 2.42 eggs per adult, and the mean number larvae, prepupa, pupae and adults was 1.42, 1.37, 1.26 and 1.24 respectively. The mean number of eggs laid on L5 of P. interpunctella by B. brevicornis was 13.65, while the mean number of larvae, prepupae, pupae and adults was 9.73, 7.90, 7.44 and 7.16 respectively. In all cases the differences were statistically significant. The developmental time of B. brevicornis developed on L4 instar of P. interpunctella was 1.12 days for egg, 2.03 for larva, 1.47 for prepupa, 6.82 for pupa and the total developmental time from egg to adult 11.45 days. The developmental time of B. brevicornis developed on L5 instar of P. interpunctella was 1.18 days for egg, 1.68 for larva, 1.29 for prepupa, 7.76 for pupa and the total developmental time from egg to adult 11.92 days. The female and male B. brevicornis adult life span of F1 generation was 16.70 and 11 days when developed on L4 of P. interpunctella and 28.70 and 17.60 days when developed on L5 of P. interpunctella.

Whole-Genome Effects of Ethyl Methanesulfonate-Induced Mutation on Nine Quantitative Traits in Outbred Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 1257-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiao-Pei Yang ◽  
Ana Y Tanikawa ◽  
Wayne A Van Voorhies ◽  
Joana C Silva ◽  
Alexey S Kondrashov
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Spontaneous Mutation ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Ethyl Methanesulfonate ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Recessive Mutations ◽  
The Mean

Abstract We induced mutations in Drosophila melanogaster males by treating them with 21.2 mm ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Nine quantitative traits (developmental time, viability, fecundity, longevity, metabolic rate, motility, body weight, and abdominal and sternopleural bristle numbers) were measured in outbred heterozygous F3 (viability) or F2 (all other traits) offspring from the treated males. The mean values of the first four traits, which are all directly related to the life history, were substantially affected by EMS mutagenesis: the developmental time increased while viability, fecundity, and longevity declined. In contrast, the mean values of the other five traits were not significantly affected. Rates of recessive X-linked lethals and of recessive mutations at several loci affecting eye color imply that our EMS treatment was equivalent to ∼100 generations of spontaneous mutation. If so, our data imply that one generation of spontaneous mutation increases the developmental time by 0.09% at 20° and by 0.04% at 25°, and reduces viability under harsh conditions, fecundity, and longevity by 1.35, 0.21, and 0.08%, respectively. Comparison of flies with none, one, and two grandfathers (or greatgrandfathers, in the case of viability) treated with EMS did not reveal any significant epistasis among the induced mutations.

scholarly journals Developmental up-regulation of NMDA receptors in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mGlu5 receptor knock-out mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Imbriglio ◽  
Remy Verhaeghe ◽  
Nico Antenucci ◽  
Stefania Maccari ◽  
Giuseppe Battaglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Nmda Receptor Subunits ◽  
The Impact

AbstractmGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors are highly expressed and functional in the early postnatal life, and are known to positively modulate NMDA receptor function. Here, we examined the expression of NMDA receptor subunits and interneuron-related genes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mGlu5−/− mice and wild-type littermates at three developmental time points (PND9, − 21, and − 75). We were surprised to find that expression of all NMDA receptor subunits was greatly enhanced in mGlu5−/− mice at PND21. In contrast, at PND9, expression of the GluN2B subunit was enhanced, whereas expression of GluN2A and GluN2D subunits was reduced in both regions. These modifications were transient and disappeared in the adult life (PND75). Changes in the transcripts of interneuron-related genes (encoding parvalbumin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, reelin, and the two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase) were also observed in mGlu5−/− mice across postnatal development. For example, the transcript encoding parvalbumin was up-regulated in the prefrontal cortex of mGlu5−/− mice at PND9 and PND21, whereas it was significantly reduced at PND75. These findings suggest that in mGlu5−/− mice a transient overexpression of NMDA receptor subunits may compensate for the lack of the NMDA receptor partner, mGlu5. Interestingly, in mGlu5−/− mice the behavioral response to the NMDA channel blocker, MK-801, was significantly increased at PND21, and largely reduced at PND75. The impact of adaptive changes in the expression of NMDA receptor subunits should be taken into account when mGlu5−/− mice are used for developmental studies.

scholarly journals The molecular through ecological genetics of abnormal abdomen. IV. Components of genetic variation in a natural population of Drosophila mercatorum.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-366
Author(s):  
H Hollocher ◽  
A R Templeton ◽  
R DeSalle ◽  
J S Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Ecological Genetics ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Drosophila Mercatorum ◽  
Y Chromosomes

Abstract Natural populations of Drosophila mercatorum are polymorphic for a phenotypic syndrome known as abnormal abdomen (aa). This syndrome is characterized by a slow-down in egg-to-adult developmental time, retention of juvenile abdominal cuticle in the adult, increased early female fecundity, and decreased adult longevity. Previous studies revealed that the expression of this syndrome in females is controlled by two closely linked X chromosomal elements: the occurrence of an R1 insert in a third or more of the X-linked 28S ribosomal genes (rDNA), and the failure of replicative selection favoring uninserted 28S genes in larval polytene tissues. The expression of this syndrome in males in a laboratory stock was associated with the deletion of the rDNA normally found on the Y chromosome. In this paper we quantify the levels of genetic variation for these three components in a natural population of Drosophila mercatorum found near Kamuela, Hawaii. Extensive variation is found in the natural population for both of the X-linked components. Moreover, there is a significant association between variation in the proportion of R1 inserted 28S genes with allelic variation at the underreplication (ur) locus such that both of the necessary components for aa expression in females tend to cosegregate in the natural population. Accordingly, these two closely linked X chromosomal elements are behaving as a supergene in the natural population. Because of this association, we do not believe the R1 insert to be actively transposing to an appreciable extent. The Y chromosomes extracted from nature are also polymorphic, with 16% of the Ys lacking the Y-specific rDNA marker. The absence of this marker is significantly associated with the expression of aa in males. Hence, all three of the major genetic determinants of the abnormal abdomen syndrome are polymorphic in this natural population.

scholarly journals THE COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF HONEY AND CHLORHEXIDINE IN PREVENTING VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA IN PATIENTS ON MECHANICAL VENTILATON

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Syaukia Adini ◽  
Bedjo Santoso ◽  
Sarkum Sarkum ◽  
Sudirman Sudirman
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Honey Solution

Background: Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is one of the causes of infection in the hospital and the main cause of death due to nosocomial infection. The strategy to prevent VAP is by oral hygiene. Honey may be a good solution for oral hygiene.Objective: This study aims to compare the effect of the use of 20% honey solution and 0.2% chlorhexidine as oral hygiene on VAP prevention in patients on mechanical ventilation.Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with posttest only control group design in an incentive care unit of a general hospital in Indonesia. Thirty respondents were selected using consecutive sampling, which 15 respondents assigned in a 20% honey group and 0.2% chlorhexidine group. Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) was used to measure Ventilator Associated Pneumonia. Data were analyzed using Independent t-test.Results: The mean of CPIS in the honey group was 3.33 and the chlorhexidine group was 3.53. Independent t-test showed p-value 0.618 (>0.05), which indicated that there was no significant difference of the effect of honey and chlorhexidine on VAP event.Conclusions: The 20% honey solution has the same effect with 0.2% chlorhexidine in preventing VAP events in patients on mechanical ventilation.

Enzymuria as a Marker of Renal Injury and Disease: Studies of N-Acetyl-βglucosaminidase in the General Population and in Patients with Renal Disease

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-760
Author(s):  
Calvin M. Kunin ◽  
Russell W. Chesney ◽  
William A. Craig ◽  
Albert C. England ◽  
Catherine DeAngelis
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urine Specimens ◽  
Urinary Creatinine Excretion

Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was shown to be reproducible in random urine specimens when expressed as the ratio of NAG to milligrams of urinary creatinine. The enzyme/creatinine ratio in 815 healthy people was relatively constant throughout childhood and adult life except for the first two years after birth and in individuals 56 years or greater. High ratios in the young children may be explained by low urinary creatinine excretion probably related to small body mass and reduced glomerular filtration rate at this age. The ratio was increased in adult uremic patients and children and adults with a variety of neurologic and obstructive lesions of the voiding mechanism. The presence of bacteriuria did not appear to increase the ratio. Significant enzymuria (> 2 SD above the mean for age and sex) was detected in 38 of 81 children with well-characterized renal disease. Among patients with predominantly glomerular disorders there was a close relationship between activity of the disease and enzymuria. In patients with tubulointerstitial disease enzymuria was frequent even in the absence of proteinuria. One of the highest enzyme/creatinine ratios was observed in a child with cystinosis. These studies indicate that NAG enzymuria is a sensitive indicator of activity of renal disease and may prove to be a suitable screening test for significant renal disease or injury in childhood.

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