scholarly journals Opportunities, constraints and constrained opportunities - A study on mothers' working time patterns in 22 European countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milla Salin
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Working Time ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Pattern ◽  
Childless Women ◽  
Actual Working ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time

The aim of this study was to analyze mothers’ working time patters across 22 European countries. The focu was on three questions: how much mothers prefer to work, how much they actually work, and to what degree their preferred and actual working times are (in)consistent with each other. The focus was on cross-national differences in mothers’ working time patterns, comparison of mothers’ working times to that of childless women and fathers, as well as on individual- and country-level factors that explain the variation between them.In the theoretical background, the departure point was an integrative theoretical approach where the assumption is that there are various kinds of explanations for the differences in mothers’ working time patterns – namely structural, cultural and institutional – , and that these factors are laid in two levels: individual- and country-levels. Data were extracted from the European Social Survey (ESS) 2010 / 2011.The results showed that mothers’ working time patterns, both preferred and actual working times, varied across European countries. Four clusters were formed to illustrate the differences. In the full-time pattern, full-time work was the most important form of work, leaving all other working time forms marginal. The full-time pattern was perceived in terms of preferred working times in Bulgaria and Portugal. In polarised pattern countries, full-time work was also important, but it was accompanied by a large share of mothers not working at all. In the case of preferred working times, many Eastern and Southern European countries followed it whereas in terms of actual working times it included all Eastern and Southern European countries as well as Finland. The combination pattern was characterised by the importance of long part-time hours and full-time work. It was the preferred working time pattern in the Nordic countries, France, Slovenia, and Spain, but Belgium, Denmark, France, Norway, and Sweden followed it in terms of actual working times. The fourth cluster that described mothers’ working times was called the part-time pattern, and it was illustrated by the prevalence of short and long part-time work. In the case of preferred working times, it was followed in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Besides Belgium, the part-time pattern was followed in the same countries in terms of actual working times. The consistency between preferred and actual working times was rather strong in a majority of countries. However, six countries fell under different working time patterns when preferred and actual working times were compared.Comparison of working mothers’, childless women’s, and fathers’ working times showed that differences between these groups were surprisingly small. It was only in part-time pattern countries that working mothers worked significantly shorter hours than working childless women and fathers. Results therefore revealed that when mothers’ working times are under study, an important question regarding the population examined is whether it consists of all mothers or only working mothers.Results moreover supported the use of the integrative theoretical approach when studying mothers’ working time patterns. Results indicate that mothers’ working time patterns in all countries are shaped by various opportunities and constraints, which are comprised of structural, cultural, institutional, and individual-level factors.Keywords: mother, working time pattern; preferred working time, actual working time, integrative theoretical approach, comparative research

Flexible `Parts' and Rigid `Fulls': The Limited Revolution in Work-Time Patterns

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Dey
Keyword(s):  
Full Time ◽  
Work Patterns ◽  
Work Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Labour Market Flexibility ◽  
Time Patterns ◽  
Flexible Parts ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Full Time Employment

The evidence indicates that there has been some erosion of the distinction between part-time and full-time employment over the past decade. However, this is almost entirely attributable to the growth in part-time employment, and despite a continuing rigidity in full-time work patterns. It is argued that part-time employment can only make a limited contribution to labour market flexibility so long as full-time work patterns remain inflexible. This paper questions the assumptions sustaining a rigid bifurcation of work into full-time and part-time hours, and considers the case for a more flexible approach to full-time hours in the context of the debate over worksharing.

Part-time working women’s access to other types of flexible working-time arrangements across Europe

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
Heejung Chung
Keyword(s):  
Working Women ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Working Day ◽  
Part Time Work ◽  
Cross National

This chapter examines part-time working women's access to flexitime, that is the worker's control over their schedules such as starting and ending times, and time off work (a couple of hours during their working day) to tend to personal issues. It further examines whether this relative access varies across countries. The analysis of data from 30 European countries show that at the European average, part-time workers are more likely to get access to flexitime - showing evidence of a complimentary effect, and are as likely to get access to time off work for personal reasons as full time workers. There was a significant cross-national variance in part-time worker's relative access to flexitime compared to that of full-time workers. Countries where part-time work is more prevalent, where strong centralised unions exist, and family policies are generous were where women generally had better access to flexitime. However, this was especially the case for full-time working women, decreasing the gap between full-time and part-time working women

scholarly journals Mixed Working Hours in the Conditions of the COVID-2019 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (516) ◽  
pp. 207-212
Author(s):  
S. H. Rudakova ◽  
◽  
L. V. Shchetinina ◽  
N. S. Danylevych ◽  
A. S. Kohdenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Flexible Working Hours ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Mixed Modes

The article is aimed at valuating the experience of using mixed modes in the context of the COVID-2019 pandemic based on the results of sociological studies as well as substantiating the potential for the development of legal and regulatory provision. In the context of the pandemic, many enterprises switched to remote work and the working hours changed. For Ukraine, this is a new experience in implementing online work and a more flexible working day, so it is important to study this issue. During the COVID-2019 pandemic, enterprises faced the only legal opportunity to organize their activities through work at home. The authors carried out a sociological study on the use of mixed modes in the context of the COVID-2019 pandemic, which found out that 69.6% of respondents work remotely, 60.9% work on a flexible schedule, and 43.5% of respondents account for part-time work. 73.9% of the respondents faced mixed working modes. Regarding the preparedness of business owners to work in the new conditions, it is found out that the majority of respondents are satisfied with how their organization has switched to a remote or mixed form of work. Remote work can be combined with other modes, such as part-time or flexible working hours and full-time work. This combination can be considered as a mixed working time mode. According to the outcome of sociological researches, the use of mixed working hours is already a common reality, not an exception. Use of them has its own peculiarities in various spheres of activity, which requires further research. The survey identified the respondents both satisfied and dissatisfied with mixed working hours. It should be noted about the available potential to improve the legal and organizational-economic principles of using mixed modes of working time organization.

scholarly journals The 2011 break in the part-time indicator and the evolution of wage inequality in Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Fitzenberger ◽  
Arnim Seidlitz
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Working Time ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time

AbstractGerman social security records involve an indicator for part-time or full-time work. In 2011, the reporting procedure was changed suggesting that a fraction of worker recorded to be working full-time before the change were in fact part-time workers. This study develops a correction based on estimating the probability of being a part-time worker before and after the break. Using the correction, the paper confirms that the rise in wage inequality among full-time workers in West Germany until 2010 is not a spurious consequence of the misreporting of working time.

The Politics of Part-Time Work: Gender, Employment Status, and Preferences for Redistribution

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
David S. Pedulla ◽  
Michael J. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Preferences For Redistribution ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

Abstract The social and economic forces that shape attitudes toward the welfare state are of central concern to social scientists. Scholarship in this area has paid limited attention to how working part-time, the employment status of nearly 20% of the U.S. workforce, affects redistribution preferences. In this article, we theoretically develop and empirically test an argument about the ways that part-time work, and its relationship to gender, shape redistribution preferences. We articulate two gender-differentiated pathways—one material and one about threats to social status—through which part-time work and gender may jointly shape individuals’ preferences for redistribution. We test our argument using cross-sectional and panel data from the General Social Survey in the United States. We find that the positive relationship between part-time employment, compared to full-time employment, and redistribution preferences is stronger for men than for women. Indeed, we do not detect a relationship between part-time work and redistribution preferences among women. Our results provide support for a gendered relationship between part-time employment and redistribution preferences and demonstrate that both material and status-based mechanisms shape this association.

The Effects of Part-Time Work on Women's Occupational Mobility in Britain: Evidence from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. R20-R37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Dex ◽  
Erzsébet Bukodi
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Part Time Work

The effects of working part time on job downgrading and upgrading are examined over the life course of British women born in 1958. We use longitudinal data with complete work histories from a large-scale nationally representative cohort study. Occupations were ranked by their hourly average earnings. Analyses show a strong link between full-time/part-time transitions and downward and upward occupational mobility over the course of up to thirty years of employment. Probabilities of occupational mobility were affected by women's personal traits, occupational characteristics and demand-side factors. Downward mobility on moving from full-time to part-time work was more likely for women at the top levels of the occupational hierarchy working in male-dominated or mixed occupations and less likely in higher occupations with more part-time jobs available.

scholarly journals Gender Roles and Employment Pathways of Older Women and Men in England

SAGE Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401774269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariska van der Horst ◽  
David Lain ◽  
Sarah Vickerstaff ◽  
Charlotte Clark ◽  
Ben Baumberg Geiger
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

In the context of population aging, the U.K. government is encouraging people to work longer and delay retirement, and it is claimed that many people now make “gradual” transitions from full-time to part-time work to retirement. Part-time employment in older age may, however, be largely due to women working part-time before older age, as per a U.K. “modified male breadwinner” model. This article therefore separately examines the extent to which men and women make transitions into part-time work in older age, and whether such transitions are influenced by marital status. Following older men and women over a 10-year period using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, this article presents sequence, cluster, and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Little evidence is found for people moving into part-time work in older age. Typically, women did not work at all or they worked part-time (with some remaining in part-time work and some retiring/exiting from this activity). Consistent with a “modified male breadwinner” logic, marriage was positively related to the likelihood of women belonging to typically “female employment pathway clusters,” which mostly consist of part-time work or not being employed. Men were mostly working full-time regardless of marital status. Attempts to extend working lives among older women are therefore likely to be complicated by the influence of traditional gender roles on employment.

scholarly journals Who's Got the Balance? A Study of Satisfaction with the Work–Family Balance among Part-Time Service Sector Employees in Five Western European Countries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Beham ◽  
Patrick Präg ◽  
Sonja Drobnič
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Service ◽  
Family Balance ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Work Family Balance ◽  
Western European ◽  
Work Family

Working part-time is frequently considered a viable strategy for employees to better combine work and non-work responsibilities. The present study examines differences in satisfaction with work-family balance (SWFB) among professional and non-professional part-time service sector employees in five western European countries. Part-time employees were found to be more SWFB than full-time employees even after taking varying demands and resources into account. However, there are important differences among the part-timers. Employees in marginal part-time employment with considerably reduced working hours were the most satisfied. Professionals were found to profit less from reduced working hours and experienced lower levels of SWFB than non-professionals. No significant differences in SWFB were found between male and female part-time workers.

scholarly journals The Career Destination, Progression, and Satisfaction of Exercise and Sports Science Graduates in Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Stevens ◽  
Alex Lawrence ◽  
Matthew A. Pluss ◽  
Susan Nancarrow
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Personal Trainers ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Postgraduate Qualification ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Education Courses

ABSTRACT Background: The availability of higher education courses/degrees in exercise and sports science has increased exponentially over the last 20 years. Graduates of these courses/degrees have many career possibilities; however, the distribution of the occupations is relatively unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of exercise and sports science graduates in Australia. Methods: Australian exercise and sports science graduates (n = 747) completed an online survey about their occupation and employment conditions, career progression, and satisfaction. Results: Approximately 70% of graduates were employed in the exercise and sports science workforce (57% full time, 25% part time, and 18% casual). Their occupations were predominately accredited exercise physiologists (29%), personal trainers/fitness leaders (9%), and teaching/research academics (8%). A total of 42% had a postgraduate qualification, and 40% had a clear progression pathway in their exercise and sports science role. Graduates were predominately extremely satisfied (35%) or somewhat satisfied (48%) with their current situation, and half (49%) planned to remain in their occupation for more than 10 years. Conclusion: Despite most graduates obtaining exercise and sports science employment, many are part time or casual and still seeking full-time work. The workforce is highly educated and well supported, but many occupations lack a clear developmental pathway.

Student Exchange Program With Siemens-Westinghouse

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh K. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Enterprise ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Senior Year ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Exchange Program ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Student Exchange ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
The U.S

Abstract A Student Exchange Program began with four students from Germany visiting Siemens-Westinghouse and the University of Central Florida in Summer, 1999, as an initiative from Siemens training officials in Muelheim, Germany. In Summer 2000, a program with four German apprentices coming to the U.S. and four U.S. interns working and studying in Germany was very successful. The initial UCF students continued part-time work at Siemens during their senior year and were offered full-time employment upon graduation. Not only did the German students complete their work, but some of them returned for employment in the U.S. Siemens, as a multinational enterprise, is preparing technologists and engineers to understand product design and manufacturing for integrated systems in international markets. Students will benefit from an understanding of the systems, standards, and cultures involved. The internship model being developed uses the best from the German and U.S. systems and merits further study and implementation.

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