Kielellisen merkityksen välittymisen ongelmia maahanmuuttajalääkärien potilastenteissä

Virittäjä ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taina Pitkänen ◽  
Maija Tervola ◽  
Merja Toivonen ◽  
Elise Kosunen

Artikkeli käsittelee suomea toisena kielenä käyttävien lääkärien kuullun ymmärtämistä potilasvastaanottotilanteessa. Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan kielellisten merkitysten välittymistä ja tehdään päätelmiä lääkärien kyvystä ymmärtää potilaiden puhetta. Tutkimusaineistona on EU/ETA-maiden ulkopuolella tutkintonsa suorittaneiden lääkäreiden laillistamisprosessiin kuuluvia potilastenttejä eli videoituja potilas­vastaanottoja. Aineisto koostuu 30 lääkärin tenttisuorituksista, yhteensä 87 potilasvastaanotosta (n. 40 tuntia). Videotallenteiden lisäksi aineisto sisältää kustakin vastaanottotilanteesta laaditut potilaskertomusmerkinnät sekä tenttiä valvovan lääkärin muistion. Analyysissa etsittiin lääkärin ja potilaan välisestä keskustelusta kohtia, joissa potilaan kertoma informaatio ei välity lääkärille lainkaan tai se välittyy väärin. Keskusteluaineistoa, potilaskertomusmerkintöjä ja arviointimuistioita yhdistävän aineistotriangulaation avulla pyrittiin saamaan näkyviin myös sellaisia ymmärtämisen ongelmia, jotka eivät näy keskustelun pinnassa. Tutkimuksesta ilmenee, että toistuvia merkitysten välittymisen ongelmia on muutamilla lääkäreillä. Noin kolmanneksella ongelmia ei ole juuri lainkaan, ja hieman yli kolmanneksella ongelmat ovat satunnaisia. Ongelmat näkyvät potilaan puheen semanttisesta sisällöstä poikkeavina tulkintoina (informaation vääristyminen) sekä potilaan puheen sisällön jäämisenä kokonaan huomiotta (informaation kato). Osa ongelmakohdista on yhdistettävissä yksittäiseen sanaan tai ilmaukseen; osa liittyy puhekielen syntaktiseen rakenteeseen tai epäsuoriin ilmauksiin. Osassa taustalla näyttää olevan laajemman tulkintakehyksen, esimerkiksi vastanoton rakenteen, perusteella tehtyjä virhetulkintoja. Kuullun ymmärtämisen näkökulmasta tutkimus nostaa esiin kaksi keskeistä haastetta suomea toisena kielenä käyttävälle lääkärille: potilaan puheen kielellisen variaation ja puheenaiheiden ennakoimattomuuden. Lääkäri ja potilas käyttävät osin eri sanastoa, ja lääkärillä voi olla vaikeuksia ymmärtää esimerkiksi oireiden kuvausta muilla kuin ammattikielen sanoilla. Puheenaiheen ennakoitavuus helpottaa ymmärtämistä, kun taas yllättävässä kohdassa esitetyt uudet puheenaiheet saattavat jäädä ymmärtämättä.   Problems in the communication of linguistic meaning in clinical skills tests of migrant physicians This article considers the listening comprehension skills in clinical skills tests taken by physicians who use Finnish as a second language. The focus is on communicating linguistic meanings. The aim is to present conclusions about the physicians’ ability to understand patients’ speech during their consultations. The research data consists of clinical skills tests for the licensing process of physicians who completed their degrees outside the EEA, i.e. video-recorded patient consultations. The data consists of 30 test results, a total of 87 patient consultations (approx. 40 hours). In addition to video recordings, the data includes the patient records of each consultation and reports by the physician supervising the test. The analysis examined situations in doctor-patient consultations where the information provided by the patient was either not communicated to the doctor at all or was miscommunicated. Data triangulation linking the video material, patient records and test evaluation records was used to reveal comprehension problems that remain hidden under the surface of the consultation. The study showed that problems in communicating linguistic meanings were manifested both as associations diverging from the semantic content of the patient’s speech (distortion of information) and as disregard for the patient’s speech (loss of information). Some problems may be associated with a single word or phrase, some with a syntactic structure or the indirect expressions of colloquial language. Some appeared to consist of misinterpretations based on a broader interpretation framework, such as the structure of the consultation. From the perspective of listening comprehension, the study highlighted two key challenges: the linguistic variation of the patient’s speech and the unpredictability of the topics of discussion. Physicians and patients use a different vocabulary, and a physician may have difficulty understanding matters such as symptoms when described in non-professional terms. Comprehension is facilitated by the predictability of discussion topics, whereas new topics arising at an unexpected point can lead to misunderstandings.    

1984 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1372-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredyth Daneman ◽  
Ad?le Blennerhassett

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumen Hristov

Low levels of listening comprehension skills in English is observed in many students. As a specific method, which can both cover mobile technologies and combine them with training, is the application of technology for podcasting and vidcasting/vodkasting. Podcasts and podcasts can provide authentic, up-to-date and easily accessible material, making them extremely useful when learning foreign languages. Their application makes learning freer and independent by introducing more interesting elements; gives greater freedom and independence to participants in the lesson. Students can listen to the material on the bus or while going to the gym.


Author(s):  
Abdullah Al-Shamsi ◽  
Abdo Mohamed Al-Mekhlafi ◽  
Saleh Al Busaidi ◽  
Maher Mohammad Hilal

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-423
Author(s):  
Reima Al-Jarf

This article proposes the integration of mobile () to develop EFL college students' listening comprehension skills. It aims to show the following: (i) The advantages of integrating in listening instruction; (ii) sources of ; (iii) how to search for ; (iv) criteria for selecting ; (v) examples of ; (vi) listening comprehension skills and literary appreciation skills that can be developed through supplementary ; (vii) phases of teaching and learning with and types of tasks that can be used with MAB; (viii) evaluation and assessment; (ix) the effect of on listening comprehension skill improvement and attitudes as perceived by the students; and (x) recommendations for the effective use of .


2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Tan ◽  
Wenli Zhou ◽  
Lei Zheng ◽  
Shaojun Wang

This paper presents an attempt at building a large scale distributed composite language model that is formed by seamlessly integrating an n-gram model, a structured language model, and probabilistic latent semantic analysis under a directed Markov random field paradigm to simultaneously account for local word lexical information, mid-range sentence syntactic structure, and long-span document semantic content. The composite language model has been trained by performing a convergent N-best list approximate EM algorithm and a follow-up EM algorithm to improve word prediction power on corpora with up to a billion tokens and stored on a supercomputer. The large scale distributed composite language model gives drastic perplexity reduction over n-grams and achieves significantly better translation quality measured by the Bleu score and “readability” of translations when applied to the task of re-ranking the N-best list from a state-of-the-art parsing-based machine translation system.


2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Matisoff

Abstractqhɔ-qhô ί-kâʔ cɔ̀, Lâhō tɔ̂-mɔ̂ cɔ̀.The mountains have [springs of] water; the Lahu have proverbs. (#1012)Proverbs are a particularly interesting type of sentential formulaic expression. This paper analyses a rich corpus of proverbs in Lahu, a language of the Central Loloish branch of Tibeto-Burman, in terms of both their syntactic structure and their semantic content. Overwhelmingly bipartite in form, these proverbs reflect cultural and moral preoccupations of the Lahu people, and are sometimes expressed in similes and metaphors that are quite obscure to the outsider. They make implicit or explicit analogies between phenomena in the outside world and aspects of the behaviour of human beings. They often use earthy, scatological imagery, which tends to be bowdlerized in Chinese translation. Many of them bear a resemblance to the cryptic Chinese folk similes known as xiēhòuyû 歇后语. The proverbs cited are compared to similar ones in other languages, revealing the universal aspects of folk wisdom. Most Lahu proverbs seem to be original creations, although some look like literal equivalents of Western or Chinese sayings. A full-scale comparative study of Sino-Tibetan proverbs would shed light on possible paths of transmission, whether via missionaries or Chinese or Indian influence.


2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yo Hamada

While improving listening comprehension skills has been one of the most difficult areas for language teachers and learners, shadowing has been playing a sensational role in improving learners’ listening skills in Japan in recent years. Most studies reported the effectiveness of short-term shadowing training in terms of learners’ listening skill improvement. However, how teachers can improve the skills effectively has not been fully examined. In order to explore a more effective procedure for teaching through shadowing, this study examined the shadowing procedure as a method of teaching listening. The research question was to determine whether the use of a combination of two levels of materials for shadowing improves learners’ listening comprehension skills better than materials of similar difficulty levels. The results show that a combination of the two different difficulties of materials improves learners’ listening comprehension skills more than offering materials at only one level of difficulty. リスニング力向上は教師・学習者にとって最も難しい分野であるが、近年シャドーイングは日本で重要な役割を担っている。多くの研究では、短期間のシャドーイング訓練の効果自体は報告されているが、どのように効果的に向上させるかについては十分には深められていない。シャドーイングを用いた、より効果的な指導法を研究するために、本論ではその方法を追及する。本論の目的は、難易度の異なる教材を組み合わせた場合と同程度の難易度の教材を使用した場合のどちらが効果的かを検討することである。その結果、難易度の異なる教材を組み合わせた場合の方が効果的だということが確認された。


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