A comparative ideotype, yield component and cultivation value analysis for spring wheat adaptation in Finland

In this study Mixed structural covariance, Path and Cultivation Value analyses and the CERES-Wheat crop model were used to evaluate vegetation and yield component variation affecting yield potential between different high-latitude (> 60° N lat.) and mid-European (< 60° N lat.) spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes currently cultivated in southern Finland. Path modeling results from this study suggest that especially grains/ear, harvest index (HI) and maximum 1000 kernel weight were significant factors defining the highest yield potential. Mixed and Cultivation value modeling results suggest that when compared with genotypes introduced for cultivation before 1990s, modern spring wheat genotypes have a significantly higher yielding capacity, current high yielding mid-European genotypes even exceeding the 5 t ha-1 non-potential baseline yield level (yb). Because of a forthcoming climate change, the new high yielding wheat genotypes have to adapt for elevated temperatures and atmospheric CO2 growing conditions in northern latitudes. The optimized ideotype profiles derived from the generic high-latitude and mid-European genotypes are presented in the results. High-latitude and mid-European ideotype profiles with factors estimating the effects of concurrent elevated CO2 and temperature levels with photoperiodical daylength effects can be utilized when designing future high yielding ideotypes adapted to future growing conditions. The CERES-Wheat ideotype modeling results imply, that with new high yielding mid-European ideotypes, the non-potential baseline yield (yb) would be on average 5150 kg ha-1 level (+ 108 %) vs. new high-latitude ideotypes (yb 4770 kg ha-1, 100%) grown under the elevated CO2(700ppm)×temperature(+3ºC) growing conditions projected by the year 2100 climate change scenario in southern Finland.

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Simulation of spring wheat responses to elevated CO2 and temperature by using CERES-wheat crop model

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.5692 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 175-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

H. LAURILA

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperature ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Open Top Chamber ◽

Potential Growth ◽

Growing Period ◽

Growing Conditions

The CERES-wheat crop simulation model was used to estimate the changes in phenological development and yield production of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Polkka) under different temperature and CO2 growing conditions. The effects of elevated temperature (3-4°C) and CO2 concentration (700 ppm) as expected for Finland in 2100 were simulated. The model was calibrated for long-day growing conditions in Finland. The CERES-wheat genetic coefficients for cv. Polkka were calibrated by using the MTT Agrifood Research Finland (MTT) official variety trial data (1985-1990). Crop phenological development and yield measurements from open-top chamber experiments with ambient and elevated temperature and CO2 treatments were used to validate the model. Simulated mean grain yield under ambient temperature and CO2 conditions was 6.16 t ha-1 for potential growth (4.49 t ha-1 non-potential) and 5.47 t ha-1 for the observed average yield (1992-1994) in ambient open-top chamber conditions. The simulated potential grain yield increased under elevated CO2 (700 ppm) to 142% (167% non-potential) from the simulated reference yield (100%, ambient temperature and CO2 350 ppm). Simulations for current sowing date and elevated temperature (3°C) indicate accelerated anthesis and full maturity. According to the model estimations, potential yield decreased on average to 80.4% (76.8% non-potential) due to temperature increase from the simulated reference. When modelling the concurrent elevated temperature and CO2 interaction, the increase in grain yield due to elevated CO2 was reduced by the elevated temperature. The combined CO2 and temperature effect increased the grain yield to 106% for potential growth (122% non-potential) compared to the reference. Simulating the effects of earlier sowing, the potential grain yield increased under elevated temperature and CO2 conditions to 178% (15 days earlier sowing from 15 May, 700 ppm CO2, 3°C) from the reference. Simulation results suggest that earlier sowing will substantially increase grain yields under elevated CO2 growing conditions with genotypes currently cultivated in Finland, and will mitigate the decrease due to elevated temperature. A longer growing period due to climate change will potentially enable cultivation of new cultivars adapted to a longer growing period. Finally, adaptation strategies for the crop production under elevated temperature and CO2 growing conditions are presented.;

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Winter Wheat Adaptation to Climate Change in Turkey

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040689 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 689

Author(s):

Yuksel Kaya

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Adaptation To Climate Change ◽

Wheat Genotypes ◽

Plant Characteristics

Climate change scenarios reveal that Turkey’s wheat production area is under the combined effects of heat and drought stresses. The adverse effects of climate change have just begun to be experienced in Turkey’s spring and the winter wheat zones. However, climate change is likely to affect the winter wheat zone more severely. Fortunately, there is a fast, repeatable, reliable and relatively affordable way to predict climate change effects on winter wheat (e.g., testing winter wheat in the spring wheat zone). For this purpose, 36 wheat genotypes in total, consisting of 14 spring and 22 winter types, were tested under the field conditions of the Southeastern Anatolia Region, a representative of the spring wheat zone of Turkey, during the two cropping seasons (2017–2018 and 2019–2020). Simultaneous heat (>30 °C) and drought (<40 mm) stresses occurring in May and June during both growing seasons caused drastic losses in winter wheat grain yield and its components. Declines in plant characteristics of winter wheat genotypes, compared to those of spring wheat genotypes using as a control treatment, were determined as follows: 46.3% in grain yield, 23.7% in harvest index, 30.5% in grains per spike and 19.4% in thousand kernel weight, whereas an increase of 282.2% in spike sterility occurred. On the other hand, no substantial changes were observed in plant height (10 cm longer than that of spring wheat) and on days to heading (25 days more than that of spring wheat) of winter wheat genotypes. In general, taller winter wheat genotypes tended to lodge. Meanwhile, it became impossible to avoid the combined effects of heat and drought stresses during anthesis and grain filling periods because the time to heading of winter wheat genotypes could not be shortened significantly. In conclusion, our research findings showed that many winter wheat genotypes would not successfully adapt to climate change. It was determined that specific plant characteristics such as vernalization requirement, photoperiod sensitivity, long phenological duration (lack of earliness per se) and vulnerability to diseases prevailing in the spring wheat zone, made winter wheat difficult to adapt to climate change. The most important strategic step that can be taken to overcome these challenges is that Turkey’s wheat breeding program objectives should be harmonized with the climate change scenarios.

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Stress-resilient maize for climate-vulnerable ecologies in the Asian tropics

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.20.14.08.p2405 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1264-1274

Author(s):

P.H. Zaidi ◽

Thanh Nguyen ◽

Dang N. Ha ◽

Suriphat Thaitad ◽

Salahuddin Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Specific Situation ◽

Environment Interaction ◽

Maize Germplasm ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Variable Weather

Most parts of the Asian tropics are hotspots of climate change effects and associated weather variabilities. One of the major challenges with climate change is the uncertainty and inter-annual variability in weather conditions as crops are frequently exposed to different weather extremes within the same season. Therefore, agricultural research must strive to develop new crop varieties with inbuilt resilience towards variable weather conditions rather than merely tolerance to individual stresses in a specific situation and/or at a specific crop stage. C4 crops are known for their wider adaptation to range of climatic conditions. However, recent climatic trends and associated variabilities seem to be challenging the threshold limit of wider adaptability of even C4 crops like maize. In collaboration with national programs and private sector partners in the region, CIMMYT-Asia maize program initiated research for development (R4D) projects largely focusing on saving achievable yields across range of variable environments by incorporating reasonable levels of tolerance/resistance to major abiotic and biotic stresses without compromising on grain yields under optimal growing conditions. By integrating novel breeding tools like - genomics, double haploid (DH) technology, precision phenotyping and reducing genotype × environment interaction effects, a new generation of maize germplasm with multiple stress tolerance that can grow well across variable weather conditions were developed. The new maize germplasm were targeted for stress-prone environments where maize is invariability exposed to a range of sub-optimal growing conditions, such as drought, heat, waterlogging and various virulent diseases. The overarching goal of the stress-resilient maize program has been to achieve yield potential with a downside risk reduction.

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Plant adaptation to climate change—opportunities and priorities in breeding

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp11303 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 251 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

Scott C. Chapman ◽

Sukumar Chakraborty ◽

M. Fernanda Dreccer ◽

S. Mark Howden

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Production Systems ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Co2 Concentrations ◽

New Varieties ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Management Changes

Climate change in Australia is expected to influence crop growing conditions through direct increases in elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and average temperature, and through increases in the variability of climate, with potential to increase the occurrence of abiotic stresses such as heat, drought, waterlogging, and salinity. Associated effects of climate change and higher CO2 concentrations include impacts on the water-use efficiency of dryland and irrigated crop production, and potential effects on biosecurity, production, and quality of product via impacts on endemic and introduced pests and diseases, and tolerance to these challenges. Direct adaptation to these changes can occur through changes in crop, farm, and value-chain management and via economically driven, geographic shifts where different production systems operate. Within specific crops, a longer term adaptation is the breeding of new varieties that have an improved performance in ‘future’ growing conditions compared with existing varieties. In crops, breeding is an appropriate adaptation response where it complements management changes, or when the required management changes are too expensive or impractical. Breeding requires the assessment of genetic diversity for adaptation, and the selection and recombining of genetic resources into new varieties for production systems for projected future climate and atmospheric conditions. As in the past, an essential priority entering into a ‘climate-changed’ era will be breeding for resistance or tolerance to the effects of existing and new pests and diseases. Hence, research on the potential incidence and intensity of biotic stresses, and the opportunities for breeding solutions, is essential to prioritise investment, as the consequences could be catastrophic. The values of breeding activities to adapt to the five major abiotic effects of climate change (heat, drought, waterlogging, salinity, and elevated CO2) are more difficult to rank, and vary with species and production area, with impacts on both yield and quality of product. Although there is a high likelihood of future increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperatures across Australia, there is uncertainty about the direction and magnitude of rainfall change, particularly in the northern farming regions. Consequently, the clearest opportunities for ‘in-situ’ genetic gains for abiotic stresses are in developing better adaptation to higher temperatures (e.g. control of phenological stage durations, and tolerance to stress) and, for C3 species, in exploiting the (relatively small) fertilisation effects of elevated CO2. For most cultivated plant species, it remains to be demonstrated how much genetic variation exists for these traits and what value can be delivered via commercial varieties. Biotechnology-based breeding technologies (marker-assisted breeding and genetic modification) will be essential to accelerate genetic gain, but their application requires additional investment in the understanding, genetic characterisation, and phenotyping of complex adaptive traits for climate-change conditions.

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Effect of Climate Change on the Production and Productivity of Wheat Crop in the Highlands of Ethiopia: A Review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ag.a-342 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Amare Aleminew ◽

Merkuz Abera

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

Crop Production ◽

Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽

Conservation Agriculture ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Crop Failure ◽

Adaptation Measures ◽

Mitigation And Adaptation ◽

The Government

Climate change is a recent challenge on crop production and productivity in the world. The objective of this paper is to review the major effects of climate change on the production and productivity of wheat in the high lands of Ethiopia. Effects of climate change on wheat would be mainly through changes in [CO2], temperature, rainfall, length of growing period, actual growth rate and increased evapo-transpiration, which may lead to reduce yield or complete crop failure. Moreover, flower fertilization and grain set are highly sensitive to heat stress during mid-anthesis. In C3 crops like wheat, the elevated CO2 level is expected to increase productivity as a result of higher CO2 diffusion through stomata leading to a higher photosynthesis rate. But, elevated [CO2] may have negative effects on the grain-quality of wheat in terms of protein, lipids, number of mitochondria and nitrogen contents. Unlike CO2, elevated temperature affects crop production negatively by increasing rate of respiration; hastening plant growth and development; increasing photorespiration of wheat, reducing photosynthetic efficiency due to O2 interrupts the photosynthetic path way instead of CO2, increasing rate of water loss by increasing evapo-transpiration and decreasing nutrient use-efficiency through increased rate of decomposition and mineralization. As a result, wheat area is forecast to be displaced by other crop types. In order to tackle this issue, major mitigation and adaptation measures for example promoting area closures and conservation agriculture-based (CA), agroforestry practices, efficient use of energy sources, etc. should be practiced and given special attention by the communities as well as the government to solve the effects of climate change on wheat production and productivity in the country.

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Modelling a spring wheat crop under elevated CO2 and drought

New Phytologist ◽

10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00098.x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 150 (2) ◽

pp. 315-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

S. Grossman-Clarke ◽

P. J. Pinter ◽

T. Kartschall ◽

B. A. Kimball ◽

D. J. Hunsaker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elevated Co2 ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Wheat Crop

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Crop Water Supply and its Relation to Yield of Spring Wheat in the South of Russian Plain

Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics ◽

10.2478/v10098-009-0003-3 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 26-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nadezhda Shumova

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Russian Plain ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Crop Water ◽

The South ◽

Potential Yield ◽

Annual Water

Crop Water Supply and its Relation to Yield of Spring Wheat in the South of Russian Plain The proposed method to estimate water supply of spring wheat crop is based on the ratio of the water amount extracted by plants under actual conditions of growth (transpiration) to cover needs for maximum (potential) yield (potential transpiration). Estimates of spatial, inter- and intra-annual water supply variability of the spring wheat crop in basic agricultural zones are given. Dependence of the spring wheat yield on water supply is presented.

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Higher activity of monodehydroascorbate reductase and lower activities of leaf and spike vacuolar invertase and glutathione S-transferase reveals higher number of grains per spike in spring wheat genotypes grown under well-watered and drought conditions

10.21203/rs.2.24180/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

sajid Shokat ◽

Dominik K. Großkinsky ◽

Thomas Roitsch ◽

Fulai Liu

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Physiological Mechanism ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Vacuolar Invertase ◽

Wheat Genotypes

Abstract Background: To improve our understanding about the physiological mechanism of grain yield reduction at anthesis, three spring wheat genotypes (L1, L2 and L3) having contrasting yield potential under drought in field were investigated under controlled greenhouse conditions., drought stress was imposed at anthesis stage by withholding irrigation until all plant available water was depleted, while well-watered control plants were kept at 95% pot water holding capacity. Results: Compared to genotype L1 and L2, pronounced decrease in grain number (NGS), grain yield (GY) and harvest index (HI) were found in genotype L3, mainly due to its greater kernel abortion (KA) under drought. A significant positive correlation of leaf monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) with both NGS and HI was observed. In contrast, significant negative correlations of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and vacuolar invertase (vacInv) both within source and sink with NGS and HI were found. Likewise, a significant negative correlation of leaf abscisic acid (ABA) with NGS was noticed. Moreover, leaf aldolase and cell wall peroxidase (cwPOX) activities were significantly and positively associated with TKW. Conclusion: Collectively, distinct physiological markers were correlating with yield traits and higher activity of leaf aldolase and cwPOX may be chosen as predictive bio-markers for higher TKW. Also, higher activity of MDHAR within the leaf can be selected as a predictive bio-marker for higher NGS in wheat under drought. Whereas, lower activity of vacInv and GST both within leaf and spike can be selected as bio-markers for higher NGS and HI. The results highlighted the role of antioxidant and carbohydrate-metabolic enzymes in the modulation of source-sink balance in wheat crops, which could be used as bio-signatures for breeding and selection of drought-resilient wheat genotypes for a future drier climate.

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