scholarly journals Occurrence of Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J.J. Davis on spring barley and winter rye in Finland

1974 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Kaiho Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Rhynchosporium Secalis ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Couch Grass ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Host Specialisation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Agropyron Repens

This study was carried out on Rhynchosprium secalis (Oud.) J. J. Davis occurring on spring barley, winter rye and couch grass (Agropyron repens (L.) PB) in Finland. The results were obtained from samples of barley (c. 860 samples) and rye (c. 200 samples) gathered in fields during the growing season throughout the country in 1971 1973. The samples (c. 170 samples) of Agropyron repens were collected in fields and the borders of fields. The fungi of all the samples were examined by microscope and cultures and inocolation tests were used as well. Rhynchosporium secalis was observed to occur commonly on spring barley throughout the country from Helsinki to Lapland. The fungus was observed in about 30 per cent of the fields and in below 60 percent of the localities examined. Leaf blotch was commoner on six rowed barley than on two-rowed barley. The fungus sometimes attacked a field in great profusion. R. secalis was observed in below 50 per cent of the winter rye samples and in below 70 per cent of the localities examined. The fungus occurred commonly in the southern part of Finland and was found also in Lapland (Inari, 69° N, 27°E). Spores of the fungus were most abundant in the leaves of rye in spring and in early summer. R. secalis was observed rather scarce (in over 10 per cent of fields and in over 25 per cent of the localities examined) on Agropyron repens throughout the country. A high degree of host specialisation has been found within the species R. secalis. Two isolates from spring barley and from winter rye were pathogenic to their original host only.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Helminthosporium species on cereals in Finland in 1971—1973

1975 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-217
Author(s):  
Kaiho Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Couch Grass ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Agropyron Repens

This study was carried out on Helminthosporium species found on cereals (Avena sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Triticum aestivum L., Secale cereale L.) and couch grass (Agropycon repens (L.)PB.) The objective was to ascertain their distribution and general significance in Finland. The results were obtained from samples of cereals gathered in 2040 fields all over the country during the growing season 1971 1973. The samples of couch grass (approx. 170 samples) were collected infields and the borders of fields. The fungi in all the samples were examined by microscope, using the blotter method and with cultures. Many Helminthosporium species were found to be very common and abundant on cereals, especially in 1972, throughout the country and as far as Lapland. The imperfect stages (conidia) of the fungi occurred dominantly and in abundance, whereas the perfect stages of the fungi were found only occasionally at all times. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. on Agropyron repens was exceptional in this respect. The most widespread and common Helminthosporium fungi were the following species: H. avenae Eidam was found to be very common and abundant in more than 60 per cent of the oat fields and in nearly 90 per cent of the localities that were studied throughout the country. These figures apply to seedlings as well. H. gramineum Rabenh. ex Schlecht was found frequently in more than 30 per cent of the spring barley fields and in about 55 per cent of the localities that were studied. It was very common and abundant in Ostrobothnia and the northern parts of the country and was frequent on six-rowed barley, too. H. teres Sacc. was found to be common and abundant in nearly 60 per cent of the spring barley fields and in nearly 90 per cent of the localities that were studied. These figures apply to the seedlings as well and are especially representative of observations made in the western and southern parts of the country. The fungus was more common on six-rowed than on two-rowed barley H. tritici-repentis Died, was found to be moderately common in southern and southwestern Finland as follows: in nearly 30 per cent of the spring wheat fields and in 40 per cent of the localities studied; in 17 per cent of the winter wheat fields and in 23 the winter rye fields; for both the latter mentioned moderate abundance was observed in more than 50 per sent of the localities studied. On Agropyron repens the fungus was very common and abundant in 50 per cent of the samples and in nearly 60 per cent of the localities studied. In addition, the perfect stage of the fungi, Pyrenophora triticirepentis (Died.) Drechs. with mature ascoma and ascospores was found in about 1/4 of the samples examined throughout the country. H. sativum Pammel, King and Bakke was found to be moderately common and abundant in about 30 per cent of the spring barley fields and in 55 per cent of the localities studied throughout the country, being most common in southern and southwestern Finland. The fungus was more common on two-rowed than on six-rowed barley. The fungus was observed to be moderately common in 9 per cent of spring wheat fields and in nearly 20 per cent of the localities studied. In all fields H. sativum appeared sporadically also in seedlings on spring barley and spring wheat as well as on the roots of barley. The fungus was found to be moderately common also in oat fields, but only in 1972, whereas on winter wheat and winter rye its occurrence was only rare and sporadic. An undetermined Helminthosporium species, like H. gramineum or H. teres, was found to be sparce but moderately common, in about 10 per cent of the spring wheat fields and in nearly 20 per cent of the localities studied. It occurred only occasionally on winter wheat and on winter rye fields. It is not known how fungi damage affects crop yields. At least H. gramineum, H. teres and H. sativum on spring barley, as well as H. avenae on oats, caused severe damage to plants and occurred commonly throughout the country.

scholarly journals Examination of soils and crops after the inundations of 1 February 1953.1. Salty soils and agricultural crops.

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-253
Author(s):  
C. Van den Berg ◽  
J.J. Westerhof
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
C Value ◽  
Late Sowing

Following the sea-water floods in the Netherlands in February 1953, trials were carried out to determine the effect on various flooded crops of the length of the period of inundation and the concentration of salt in the soil moisture (measured after the floods had subsided in April 1953). The concentration of salt in the soil moisture was expressed as a C-value (number of grams of NaCl per litre of soil moisture), measured in the 5-20 cm. layer of soil. Other trials were carried out to determine the effect of the level of the C-value measured in March 1953 on the subsequent growth of spring-sown crops. The duration of flooding, over periods of 1-50 days (with flood water giving post-flood C-values of 0.5-17), had little, effect on the subsequent growth of inundated winter wheat, winter rye and winter barley, but the C-value of the soil had a marked effect. Inundation of winter rye and winter wheat with water giving C-values of 7 or more had an adverse effect on the growth of both crops, more marked in the case of rye than of wheat. The effect of the C-value at the time of sowing on the yield of spring barley was intermediate between that previously recorded in a favourable (wet) growing season, 1946, and an unfavourable (dry) growing season, 1947. See report by C. van den Berg in Versl. Landbouwk. Onderz. 1950, 56, No, 16. The opinion given in the 1950 report, that spring barley cannot be sown at C-values above 10 with expectation of a reasonable (75% normal) yield, was confirmed. The variety Balder was more resistant to salt than Kenia and Saxonia. Kenia barley was sown at intervals from 8 March to 10 May; the effect of the presence of salt in the soil (represented by the C-value measured in March) was progressively adverse with increasingly late sowing. Similar trials with spring oats, sugar-beet, potatoes, flax and peas generally confirmed the results given in the 1950 report on the sensitivity of various crops to the C-value of the soil moisture. The spring-sown crops mentioned above are all less tolerant of salt than spring barley and are arranged in descending order of salt-tolerance. The results of the 1953 trials differed from those of earlier ones in that flax appeared to be less tolerant than previously, probably because of the dry spring in 1953. In 1953, flax did not give 75% normal yield when sown at C-values higher than 2.5. Potatoes, on the other hand, were more salt-tolerant in 1953 than in the earlier trials and gave 75% normal yields when sown in soils with C-values as high as 6. The average C-value of the flooded soils fell rapidly during 1953-4. C-values on very salty soils were 19.5 in March, 1953, 11.8 at the end of the following September and 3.1 by mid-February, 1954. Comparable figures for slightly salty soils were 7.3, 3.4 and 0.7. The rapid decline in salt concentration in the soil moisture during winter 1953-4 is attributed to the application of gypsum in the period September to November, 1953.-W.J.B. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Tillage Effects and Environmental Influences on Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Rhizome Growth

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley A. Majek ◽  
Clair Erickson ◽  
William B. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Nitrogen Level ◽  
Rhizome Growth ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Field experiments were established in 1978 and repeated in 1979 to monitor quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. ♯3 AGRRE] rhizome growth through a growing season. Quackgrass shoots grew most vigorously when temperatures were moderate. They elongated and differentiated an inflorescence in June. Rhizome apical tips remained belowground in late spring, early summer, and early fall. Quackgrass rhizome tips grew vertically and emerged from the soil in midsummer and late fall. Experiments conducted in growth chambers revealed that photoperiod, temperature, and nitrogen level affected quackgrass shoot and rhizome growth. Shoots grew vigorously at 21C and elongated to differentiate an inflorescence when exposed to a photoperiod of 14 h or longer. Rhizome apical tips remained belowground when plants were grown at 21 C and received 16 or 12 h of light, but the tips curved upward and emerged from the soil when quackgrass was grown at 32 or 10 C, or when the plants received 14 or less than 10 h of light. The temperature and photoperiod responses coordinated to partition the growing season into primary rhizome and rhizome-tiller growth periods.

CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY ELEMENTS INFLUENCE ON NEW SPRING BARLEY BREWING VARIETIES YIELDS

1970 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
O. A. Artyukhova ◽  
O. V. Gladysheva ◽  
V. A. Svirina
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Mass Growth ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Yield Structure ◽  
Cultivation Technology

The effect of applying various norms of mineral fertilizers on the biological indicators of crop plants during their growth and development in the Central non-black earth region in 2017-2019 was studied on the varieties of spring barley Vladimir, Reliable and Yaromir.such indicators as plant height, photosynthetic apparatus area, green mass growth, and elements of the yield structure were Studied. It was revealed that on average during the growing season, when the norms of mineral fertilizers were increased, the area of leaf plates increased and, as a result, the increase in green mass growth relative to the control variants increased by 56.3 % at (NРК)30, 82.3 % at (NРК)60, and 126.7 % at (NРК)90. The introduction of mineral fertilizers also influenced the formation of the crop structure. There was an increase in the tillering coefficient of varieties by 15.7%, 5.7 % and 21.3 % (Vladimir, Reliable and Yaromir, respectively) relative to the control, an increase in the number of grains in the ear from 15.1 to 22.4 PCs., the weight of 1000 grains from 48.0 to 55.7 g. and the weight of grain per ear from 0.7 to 1.2 g. There was a strong correlation between the doses of mineral fertilizers and the grain yield from + 0.80 to +1.0, and the variability was calculated.      

Barley seed storage under controlled conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Zadorozhna ◽  
T. P. Shyianova ◽  
M.Yu. Skorokhodov
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage

Seed longevity of 76 spring barley gene pool samples (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. distichon, convar. distichon: 56 nutans Schubl., two deficience (Steud.) Koern., two erectum Rode ex Shuebl., two medicum Koern.; convar. nudum (L.) A.Trof.: one nudum L. та subsp. vulgare: convar. vulgare: nine pallidum Ser., three rikotense Regel.; convar. coeleste (L.) A.Trof.: one coeleste (L.) A.Trof.) from 26 countries, 11 years and four places of reproduction was analyzed. Seeds with 5–8% moisture content were stored in chamber with unregulated and 4oC temperature. The possibility of seed storage under these conditions for at least 10 years without significant changes in germination has been established. The importance of meteorological conditions in the formation and ripening of seeds for their longevity is confirmed. The relationship between the decrease of barley seeds longevity and storage conditions, amount of rainfall, temperature regime during the growing season of plants is discussed.

scholarly journals Results of selection work with grain crops in the subarctic zone of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
O. B. Batakova ◽  
V. A. Korelina ◽  
I. V. Zobnina
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
The State ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
State Register ◽  
Feed Direction ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
The Russian Federation

Agriculture of the Northern regions specializes in animal husbandry, in this regard an urgent problem of crop production in the conditions of the Northern regions of the Russian Federation is the creation of precocious, high-yielding varieties of grain crops for fodder purposes. The article reflects the selection achievements in grain crops over the past seven years. The presented new varieties combine high yield, increased environmental plasticity, and have the ability to reduce their productivity to a lesser extent when cultivated in the harsh conditions of the Northern region. Breeding work conducted at the laboratory of crop production of the Primorskiy filial FGBUN FICKIA RAN - ArhNIISKH in 2005-2019, in breeding semipolar rotation in accordance with the "Guidelines on the selection of barley and oats" (2014), methodology of State Commission for testing of agricultural crops (1985). The digestibility of winter rye dry matter was determined by in vitro method on an artificial stomach. Statistical processing of experimental results was performed using the AGROS version 2.07 selection and genetic software package. Results of the study. As a result of selection work, precocious productive varieties of grain crops of the feed direction were bred and included in the state register. Bereginya — new-generation winter rye variety, universal use, with a low content of water-soluble pentosans in the grain. The variety has been included in the State register of selection achievements since 2013. Variety of spring barley Tausen — feed direction, resistant to environmental stress factors, high-yielding, resistant to lodging and pathogens (dusty smut, spotting). It has been included in the State register of selection achievements since 2014. Spring barley variety Kotlassky — feed direction precocious, productive, adaptive to adverse environmental factors, for obtaining concentrated feed for livestock and poultry. It has been included in the State register of breeding achievements since 2019. Arhan spring oat variety — environmentally plastic adapted to changes in soil and climate conditions, immune to dusty smut, combines a high yield of grain and green mass. Since 2020, it has been included in the State register of selection achievements.

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