scholarly journals Effects of sewage sludge application on the yield of different crops and the uptake of some heavy metals

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Asbjørn Sorteberg
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Distinct Effect ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Second Year

An account is given of two pot experiments with sewage sludge. H/73. Sewage sludge was added in amounts of 0, 50 and 200 g of dry matter per pot of 5 litres =0, 20 and 80 tons per hectare respectively, given at the start of the experiment. Two soils, a loamy sand and a clay soil, were included in the experiment which has been running for 6 years (1973—78), with oats and barley every second year. The sewage sludge was anaerobically digested and had a relatively high content of heavy metals. Relative yields (grain + straw) for the experimental period were, as a mean of the two soil types, 100, 126 and 166 respectively for 0,50 and 200 g sewage sludge per pot. The uptake of N was 43.9 percent of added N in 50 g sludge and 32.6 percent of added N in 200 g sludge. For P the uptake was 23.9 and 18.5 percent respectively. The effect of sludge on the content of heavy metals in the yields was: Cd. Heavy effect. Heavier effect on the grain of oats than on the grain of barley. Cu. Distinct effect. Higher content in barley than in oats, and higher content in grain than in straw for both crops. Ni. Heavy effect, particularly in grain of oats. Higher content in grain of oats than in straw. For barley the content was slightly higher in straw than in grain. Zn. Distinct effect, particularly in the first two years. Highest increase in the straw. Pb and Hg. No effect. 14/71 included rates of up to 400 g dry matter per pot of anaerobically digested sewage sludge, two rates of lime, with crops of oats, barley, red clover and timothy. The experiment ran for two years (1971—72). Soil: Loam. The sludge had a positive effect on the total yield of all crops, but the highest rate had a negative effect on the grain of barley in the first year, and in the second year the hight rates caused retarded germination of all crops. The concentration of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn was substantially higher in red clover than in timothy. With the addition of roughly the same amounts of heavy metals to unlimed loamy sand (H/73)and loam (14/71), oats obtained a higher concentration of Cd, Ni and Zn from the sludge with the highest content of these metals (H/73).

A comparison of silages made from red clover/grass, white clover/grass and high nitrogen grass swards for beef production

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Stewart ◽  
I. I. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Grass Sward

ABSTRACTSilage cut twice annually (June and August) from a tetraploid red clover/grass sward and three times annually (May, July and September) from a low nitrogen (N) and high N perennial ryegrass/white clover sward was fed in proportion to dry-matter yield from each cut, over a 10-week period, each winter for 3 years to castrated male cattle of initial live weight 401 kg in year 1 and 425 kg in years 2 and 3. The silages were supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 3 kg concentrate per head daily.Total dry-matter yield from the red clover/grass sward was similar to that from the perennial ryegrass/white clover sward (high N grass) receiving 360 kg N per ha but the digestibility, particularly of first cut material was much lower. Dry-matter production of the low N grass/white clover sward was 0·73 of high N grass sward and produced silages of similar digestibility and fermentation.Dry-matter intakes by the cattle were higher on the legume-based silages in years when clover made a worthwhile contribution to total yield, but this did not significantly improve utilization or animal performance compared with high N grass silage. Mean daily carcass gain per head on red clover/grass silage was 0·41 kg which was significantly less than the 0·61 kg on white clover/grass silage and 0·59 on high N grass (P < 0·001). Carcass output from red clover/grass silage was 618 kg/ha and 629 kg/ha from white clover/grass, both of which were significantly less than the 863 kg/ha from the high N grass silage (P < 0·001). Dressing proportion was also significantly poorer in animals fed red clover/grass silage compared with the other silage types.

scholarly journals CASE STUDY INFORMATION REFLECTING FARMER USE OF PAWERA RED CLOVER IN NORTHERN NORTHLAND

1986 ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Ussher
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
First Year ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Very High

Low summer production in Northern Northland can be largely overcome by the use of 'Grasslands Pawera' red clover. Daily dry matter production of 100+ kg/ha/day over the penod late October to early March, have been recorded over two years. Yearly production of 22,OOOkg DM/ha in the first year, and 17,500 to 21,000 in the second year, have been recorded from pure stands of Pawera. This growth is of very high quality occurring at a tlmc when growth and quality of existing Rye or Kikuyu based pastures, are low. Potential problems from the use of Pawera are discussed. Keywords: Pawera red clover, quality, Northland, problems.

Safe Utilization of Municipal Sewage Sludge in Agriculture and Forestry

2015 ◽  
Vol 768 ◽  
pp. 542-552
Author(s):  
Liang Hei ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Qi Tang Wu ◽  
Wei Peng Yu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Municipal sewage sludge has been increasingly produced in China with the development of municipal wastewater treatment. The use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer and soil amendment has resulted in high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil and food limiting its use. Controlling the pollution of heavy metals is the key factor to realize the safe utilization of sewage sludge. The present study was carried out to find scientific basis to the appropriate sludge applications in agriculture and forestry. Pilot experiments inEucalyptusforest showed that the total yield and nutrient amount ofP.hydridumwere significantly higher thanA.marorrhiza, the annual average yield in dry weight and total nutrient amount ofP.hydridumwere 21.32 thm-2and 1248.2 kghm-2, respectively, 9.18 times and 3.58 times that ofA.marorrhiza, soP.hydridumwere more suitable to be the converting plant from sludge to biochar or organic fertilizer. After plants treatment, the maturity of sludge increased significantly, water content and soluble heavy metals decreased obviously, so that the agricultural safety increased, and the all indicators were conformed to the sludge requirements for agricultural use. In addition, theEucalyptustrees grow well with a large spread of sewage sludge. Nutrient contents ofEucalyptusforestland soil increased and heavy metal contents of the topsoil beneath the sludge did not significantly increase.

Establishment studies VI. The effect of method of establishment on long-term leys in the first harvest

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
A. H. Charles
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Harvest Year

1. The method of establishment markedly affected the yield of red clover in the first harvest year, the highest yield being obtained when a cover crop was used, in the absence of which red clover yield was reduced by frequent grazing during establishment. White clover made little growth in the first harvest year; the yield was best without a cover crop under frequent grazing during establishment.2. Nitrogen applied in the seed bed did not affect the growth of red clover in the first harvest year, but depressed the white clover under infrequent defoliation without a cover crop. There was no significant effect under the other management.3. The total yield of red and white clovers was lower, when sown with the rapidly establishing ryegrass or ryegrass-dominant general-purpose mixtures, than with cocksfoot or timothy mixtures. Weed growth, although not prominent, was far greater in the timothy and cocksfoot swards than in those based on ryegrass.4. A close parallel existed between the growth of red clover and the dry matter and yield of crude protein. The highest figures were recorded when management during establishment had favoured the growth of the red clover.5. Nitrogen applied in the seed bed reduced the percentage of crude protein in all mixtures in the spring and autumn grazings, and in the hay crop of the first harvest year. Management which encouraged the growth of red clover increased the crude protein percentage of herbage in the spring and autumn, but depressed it in the aftermath cut.6. A number of interactions occurred when the relative yields of dry matter and crude protein of mixtures in the first harvest year were modified by treatments applied during establishment. There are significant indications that the method of establishment is a factor to be considered in evaluating various mixtures.

scholarly journals The effect of undersowing time of clover crops and weeds on silage maize yields

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 361-367
Author(s):  
P. Jamriška
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Insignificant Effect ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Dry Matter Weight

In field experiments conducted on loamy luvic chernozem (170 m altitude, 48&deg;34&rsquo; N 17&deg;45&rsquo; E), the effects of undersowing time (5 days after maize was sown and into emerged stand) of lucerne, red clover and sainfoin on silage maize dry matter have been studied. The total dry matter yields were affected by time of undersowing of clover crops. The stands undersown after emergence of maize gave higher yields than former time of undersowing. The late time of undersowing improved conditions for growth of maize and formation of its yield. The number of maize plants had already insignificant effect on yields there. The dry matter weight, height, and number of maize plants and dry matter weight of weeds were main factors of formation of the total yield. The depressive effect of weeds on total yields was applied indirectly particularly through the decrease in the dry matter weight of maize plants. The path analysis in spite of the insignificant effect of clover crops undersown on total yields indicated some differences in the formation of yield. The number of maize plants reached the significant level of effect on yield only at stands with red clover undersown. On the contrary, the negative correlation of weeds dry matter weight with the number of maize plants reached level of significance in stands with lucerne undersown only.

Milk production from silage 3. A comparison of red clover with grass silage

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
K. Aston ◽  
S. R. Daley
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Negative Effect

ABSTRACTSilages were made from the primary growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or red clover (Trifolium pratense) and were given ad libitum to 52 British Friesian cows, together with 70 kg dry matter per day of a barley/ground maize/soya bean supplement in 2 years. Twenty of the cows were used in both years, providing a total of 72 observations. Three treatments were imposed during weeks 3 t o 20 of lactation: red clover silage, (RC/RC); red clover silage, weeks 3 to 10, grass silage weeks 12 to 20 (RC/PRG); grass silage (PRG/PRG).Apparent digestibility of the gross energy assessed in lactation weeks 14 and 15 was slightly lower for red clover than for perennial ryegrass (0·683, 0·706 and 0·701 for treatments RC/RC, RC/PRG and PRG/PRG respectively). There was no effect of previous treatment on the digestibility of perennial ryegrass diets (RC/PRG v. PRG/PRG). Cows given red clover silage consumed proportionately 1·22 of the dry matter and 1·09 of the digestible energy ingested by those given perennial ryegrass. The intake of perennial ryegrass in mid lactation was similar, irrespective of early lactation treatment.During weeks 3 to 20, cows given red clover yielded 1·9 kg more milk than did those given perennial ryegrass (P < 0·01). However, this milk had a significantly lower concentration of fat (P < 0·01; 37·2 and 41·2 g/kg for treatment RC/RC and PRG/PRG respectively). In mid lactation the cows that had received red clover silage in early lactation (RC/PRG) had the lowest yield of milk, milk fat, protein and lactose and the difference between this treatment and PRG/PRG was significant for milk and milk fat yields (P < 0·05).Red clover silage rather than perennial ryegrass silage of similar digestibility resulted in higher silage intake and higher yields of milk, milk protein and lactose. However, the strategic use of red clover silage to increase yield in early lactation did not induce positive residual effects in mid lactation; rather, there was evidence of a negative effect on milk and milk-fat yield.

scholarly journals Seasonal changes of proteins, structural carbohydrates, fats and minerals in herbage dry matter of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1543-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vasiljevic ◽  
B. Cupina ◽  
Dj. Krstic ◽  
I. Pataki ◽  
S. Katanski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Fiber Fractions ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Novi Sad

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is the second most important perennial forage legume, after alfalfa. It is a significant source of proteins, which are essential in the diet of domestic animals, especially ruminants. The objective of this study was to determine the most important characteristics of dry matter quality (crude proteins, structural carbohydrates, fats and minerals) in three varieties of red clover (K-17, Kolubara and Una). The characteristics were monitored, per individual cuts, during one production cycle of red clover, i.e., in the period 2004- 2006. Highest contents of crude protein in all three test years were obtained in the second cut. Significantly increased contents of crude proteins (18.32%) and potassium (K-2.53%) were found in the red clover cultivar Una developed in Novi Sad. Significantly increased values of both cellulose fiber fractions (NDF, ADF) were registered in the second year of growing. The highest content of minerals was determined at the beginning of the growing season in the first and second year (8.68% and 8.52%, respectively). Here it should be mentioned that the contents of basic biogenous elements, phosphorus and potassium, were within the expected optimum range.

scholarly journals EXTRACTION OF HEAVY METALS IN A SEWAGE SLUDGE-TREATED LATOSOL

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Ana Tereza Jordao Pigozzo ◽  
Jorge De Lucas Jr ◽  
Ervim Lenzi ◽  
Carlos Alberto Scapim ◽  
Antonio Carlos Saraiva da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Ph Variation ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Different Doses

The presence of heavy metals is one of the main hazards against the use of sewage sludge in agronomy. In a field experiment applications of sewage sludge in medium-textured Dark Red Latisol (DRL) were evaluated by the extraction of essential or non-essential metals with a DTPA extractor. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks subdivided into sections of 6 treatments of sewage sludge (0, 6, 20, 40, 60 and 80 t ha-1) during the first year and (0, 6, 20, 40, 60 and 80 t ha-1) during the second year. The experiment had 4 replications and 5 soil collection periods (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of sludge incorporation). Sewage sludge was applied at a mean depth of 0-20 cm. Soil sampling was undertaken during the periods of sludge incorporation so that the elements available in the soil in different doses could be evaluated Soil samples were analyzed as to fertility level. Concentrations of the metals Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Co, Pb, and Cr were determined by atomic absorption in DTPA extractor solution. Concentrations of Cd, Ni, Co, Pb, and Cr were not detected since values were lower than the detection limit of each. Application of sewage sludge increased Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and there was an initial pH variation, albeit the latter returned concentration to its original level. Owing to the repetition of applied sludge, Cu and Zn rates in soil samples gradually increased during the two agricultural years caused by an increase in the doses of applied sewage sludge.

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CELLULAR STUDY OF TRITICUM TURGIDUM GROWN IN AMENDED SOIL WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE (URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL) IN OPEN FIELDS UNDER SEMI-ARID CLIMATE CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Najla LASSOUED ◽  
◽  
Essaid BILAL
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Heavy Metal Deposition ◽  
Industrial Sewage ◽  
Industrial Sewage Sludge

A field experiment was conducted to demonstrate the beneficial and negative aspects of sewage sludge application on wheat and to determine the way of heavy metals in the sludge-soil-plant system. Two types of sewage sludge (urban and industrial) were applied at different rates (5, 25, 50 and 100 t dry matter (DM) per ha). Results showed that growth and yield have been improved by sewage sludge use. However, sewage sludge applications modified the content of heavy metals in plant tissues especially for industrial sewage sludge and high rates where significant accumulations including Co, Cr and Pb, were detected mainly in the roots. This has been coupled by an alteration of the root cellular ultra-structure and the presence of heavy metal deposition as electron-dense granules and crystals.

YIELD AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF FORAGE SEEDINGS AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Grant ◽  
C. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment

Over 2 tons of dry matter per acre were obtained from pure seedings of timothy and of brome in the seeding year with an application of 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Nitrogen at 200 and 400 pounds per acre produced no further significant yield increase. In the second year, yields were significantly increased by each increment of nitrogen applied in the seeding year up to and including 400 pounds per acre with brome and 200 pounds per acre with timothy. Nitrogen content of grasses increased with each increment of nitrogen in the seeding year but this effect was not consistent in the second year. Over the 2-year period grasses recovered approximately 65 per cent of the applied nitrogen at the 100- and 200-pound levels and about 40 per cent at the 400-pound level.Red clover and alfalfa seeded in mixture with timothy and with brome were about equal in yield to grass alone plus 100 pounds of nitrogen in the seeding year and were much superior in the second year. Application of 100 pounds of nitrogen to grass-legume mixtures increased both yield and nitrogen content in the first cutting. In subsequent cuttings, total yield and legume fraction of the yield were often depressed by nitrogen treatment; exceptions were noted where legume stands were weak.Apparent nitrogen fixation by the legumes was consistently reduced by nitrogen treatment. Vigorous legume stands had an apparent nitrogen fixation of 60 pounds per acre in the seeding year and up to 200 pounds in the second year.

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