scholarly journals Design and Analysis of a Multistage Common Emitter Amplifier for Low Frequency Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Dan E. Dan-Abia ◽  
Akaninyene Obot ◽  
Kufre M. Udofia
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Voltage Gain ◽  
Spice Simulation ◽  
Design Specifications ◽  
Basic Configuration

The design and analysis of the multistage common emitter (CE) amplifier for improved voltage gain over the single stage CE amplifier is presented in this paper. The design procedure started with the design of a single stage CE amplifier. The design specifications for the CE amplifier were specified. The design of the multistage CE amplifier was done using the designed single stage CE amplifier as the basic configuration. The designed single stage and multistage CE amplifiers were simulated in the linear technology simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (LT SPICE). The results obtained show that using analytical method a voltage gain of 45 dB was obtained for the single stage and 54 dB was obtained for the multistage respectively, the LT SPICE simulation software presented a result of 44 dB for the single stage and 54 dB for the multistage. The proposed amplifier may find suitable applications in devices operating in the low frequency such as audio signal applications. Furthermore, judging from these results coupling of more stages of the transistor amplifier to obtain greater voltage, current and power gains is recommended.

Optimally Sensitive and Efficient Compact Loudspeakers for Low Audio Frequencies

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Aarts
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Criterion ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Force Factor ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Limited Frequency ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Conventionally, the ultimate goal in loudspeaker design has been to obtain a flat frequency response over a specified frequency range. This can be achieved by carefully selecting the main loudspeaker parameters such as the enclosure volume, the cone diameter, the moving mass and the very crucial “force factor”. For loudspeakers in small cabinets the results of this design procedure appear to be quite inefficient, especially at low frequencies. This paper describes a new solution to this problem. It consists of the combination of a highly non-linear preprocessing of the audio signal and the use of a so called low-force-factor loudspeaker. This combination yields a strongly increased efficiency, at least over a limited frequency range, at the cost of a somewhat altered sound quality. An analytically tractable optimality criterion has been defined and has been verified by the design of an experimental loudspeaker. This has a much higher efficiency and a higher sensitivity than current low-frequency loudspeakers, while its cabinet can be much smaller.

scholarly journals Single Stage Boost Integrated High-Frequency Full Bridge Inverter for Induction Heating System

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.24) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Arul Prakash Jayachandran ◽  
Booma Nagarajan ◽  
R Akshaya ◽  
Mabel Jemima A ◽  
Asaipriyan S
Keyword(s):  
Induction Heating ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Voltage Control Strategy ◽  
Simulink Model ◽  
Series Resonant

This paper proposes a new single-stage boost high frequency ac series resonant power inverter for high frequency induction heating (IH) applications. The proposed ac-ac converter consist of a single stage boost (SSB) converter and full-bridge ac series resonant inverter integrated circuit with a ac source voltage control strategy by controlling the inverter switches. The Simulink model is developed using MATLAB simulation software and the simulated results are examined. The output power is maintained to the required level by using phase shift control strategy and the simulated results are validated.  

New German design guideline for single stage activated sludge plants

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
R. Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Design Guideline

The German design guideline A 131 “Design of single stage activated sludge plants” was amended in 1999. The main changes of the guideline from 1991 are outlined. The design procedure for plants with nitrogen and phosphorus removal is presented.

scholarly journals Effects of Process Variations in a HCMOS IC using a Monte Carlo SPICE Simulation

2017 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Widianto Widianto ◽  
Lailis Syafaah ◽  
Nurhadi Nurhadi
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Process Variations ◽  
Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Spice Simulation ◽  
Simulation Results

In this paper, effects of process variations in a HCMOS (High-Speed Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) IC (Integrated Circuit) are examined using a Monte Carlo SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) simulation. The variations of the IC are L and VTO variations. An evaluation method is used to evaluate the effects of the variations by modeling it using a normal (Gaussian) distribution. The simulation results show that the IC may be detected as a defective IC caused by the variations based on large supply currents flow to it. 

scholarly journals Minimization of Harmonics Noise Using Wavelet Transformation Technology

2011 ◽  
pp. 216-223
Author(s):  
Mr. Debasis Dash ◽  
Mr. Shatyaprakasha Satapathy ◽  
Dr. Chittaranjan Panda
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
Wavelet Packet ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Wavelet Packets ◽  
Threshold Function ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Wavelet Spectra

The field programmable gate array technology can design high performance system at low cost for wavelet analysis. Wavelet transform has gained the reputation of being a very effective signal analysis tool for much practical application. Implementation of transform needs the meeting of real-time processing for most application. The objectives of this paper are to compare the Haar and Daubeches technology and to calculate the bit error rate (BER) between the input audio signal and reconstructed output signal. It is seen that the BER using Daubechies wavelet technology is less than Haar wavelet. The design procedure is explained using the stat of art electronic design. Automation tools for system design on FPGA, simulation, synthesis and implementation on the FPGA technology has been carried out. The power hovmoller, cross wavelet spectra and coherence are described. A Practical step-up-step guide to wavelet analysis is given with examples taken from time series. The guide includes a comparison to the windowed Fourier transform. New statistical significance test for wavelet power spectra are developed by deriving theoretical wavelet spectra for white and red noise. Empirical formula is given for the effect of smoothing on significance levels and filtering. The notion of orthogonal no separable trivet wavelet packets, which is the generation of orthogonal university wavelet packets is introduced. A de-noising method based on wavelet packet shrinkage is developed. The principle of wavelet packet shrinkage for de-noising and the section of thresholds and threshold function are analyzed.

Determining EMC Test Levels for Implantable Devices in Bipolar Lead Configuration

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Seth J. Seidman ◽  
Howard I. Bassen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Ring Electrode ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators ◽  
Induced Voltage ◽  
Bipolar Mode ◽  
Lead Configuration

Abstract Certain low-frequency magnetic fields cause interference in implantable medical devices. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards prescribe injecting voltages into a device under evaluation to simplify testing while approximating or simulating real-world exposure situations to low-frequency magnetic fields. The EMC standard ISO 14117:2012, which covers implantable pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), specifies test levels for the bipolar configuration of sensing leads as being one-tenth of the levels for the unipolar configuration. The committee authoring this standard questioned this testing level difference and its clinical relevance. To evaluate this issue of EMC test levels, we performed both analytical calculations and computational modeling to determine a basis for this difference. Analytical calculations based upon Faraday's law determined the magnetically induced voltage in a 37.6-cm lead. Induced voltages were studied in a bipolar lead configuration with various spacing between a distal tip electrode and a ring electrode. Voltages induced in this bipolar lead configuration were compared with voltages induced in a unipolar lead configuration. Computational modeling of various lead configurations was performed using electromagnetic field simulation software. The two leads that were insulated, except for the distal and proximal tips, were immersed in a saline-conducting media. The leads were parallel and closely spaced to each other along their length. Both analytical calculations and computational modeling support continued use of a one-tenth amplitude reduction for testing pacemakers and ICDs in bipolar mode. The most recent edition of ISO 14117 includes rationale from this study.

Experimental study of smart sound absorber using multimode electromechanical coupling control in the low-frequency range

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (3) ◽  
pp. 3800-3810
Author(s):  
Xiang Liu ◽  
Keming Wu ◽  
Lixi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Electrical Response ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Acoustic Performance ◽  
Sound Absorber ◽  
Multiple Frequencies ◽  
Broadband Sound ◽  
Shunt Circuit

To construct a smart sound absorber in the low-frequency range with a wide control band, a piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) shunted with multiple resonance circuit is attached onto a micro-perforated panel (MPP) to perform as a smart sound absorber. The absorption can be controlled by the shunt circuit parameters conveniently. This smart micro-perforated panel (MPP) is investigated experimentally to explore the feasibility and design procedure in practical use. Based on the coupling among the acoustical, electrical, and mechanical fields, the proposed broadband sound absorber can achieve good acoustic performance on subwavelength scales. The electrical response of the shunt circuit is tested with a Network Analyzer. The acoustic performance of the smart sound absorber is measured in an impedance tube with the two-microphone transfer function method. The experimental results validate that the shunt circuit can resonate with the PZT patch at multiple frequencies, and hence improve the sound absorption of the smart absorber at these frequencies.

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