scholarly journals Landauer’s Principle of Minimum Energy Might Place Limits on the Detectability of Gravitons of Certain Mass

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Ioannis Haranas ◽  
Ioannis Gkigkitzis ◽  
Kristin Cobbett ◽  
Ryan Gauthier

According to Landauer’s principle, the energy of a particle may be used to record or erase N number of information bits within the thermal bath. The maximum number of information N recorded by the particle in the heat bath is found to be inversely proportional to its temperature T. If at least one bit of information is transferred from the particle to the medium, then the particle might exchange information with the medium. Therefore for at least one bit of information, the limiting mass that can carry or transform information assuming a temperature T= 2.73 K is equal to m = 4.718´10-40 kg which is many orders of magnitude smaller that the masse of most of today’s elementary particles. Next, using the corresponding temperature of a graviton relic and assuming at least one bit of information the corresponding graviton mass is calculated and from that, a relation for the number of information N carried by a graviton as a function of the graviton mass mgr is derived. Furthermore, the range of information number contained in a graviton is also calculated for the given range of graviton mass as given by Nieto and Goldhaber, from which we find that the range of the graviton is inversely proportional to the information number N. Finally, treating the gravitons as harmonic oscillators in an enclosure of size R we derive the range of a graviton as a function of the cosmological parameters in the present era.

Author(s):  
Ioannis Haranas ◽  
Ioannis Gkigkitzis ◽  
Kristin Cobbett ◽  
Ryan Gauthier

According to Landauer’s principle, the energy of a particle may be used to record or erase N number of information bits within the thermal bath. The maximum number of information N recorded by the particle in the heat bath is found to be inversely proportional to its temperature T. If at least one bit of information is transferred from the particle to the medium, then the particle might exchange information with the medium. Therefore for at least one bit of information, the limiting mass that can carry or transform information assuming a temperature T= 2.73 K is equal to m = 4.71810-40 kg which is many orders of magnitude smaller that the masse of most of today’s elementary particles. Next, using the corresponding temperature of a graviton relic and assuming at least one bit of information the corresponding graviton mass is calculated and from that, a relation for the number of information N carried by a graviton as a function of the graviton mass mgr is derived. Furthermore, the range of information number contained in a graviton is also calculated for the given range of graviton mass as given by Nieto and Goldhaber, from which we find that the range of the graviton is inversely proportional to the information number N. Finally, treating the gravitons as harmonic oscillators in an enclosure of size R we derive the range of a graviton as a function of the cosmological parameters in the present era


2021 ◽  
Vol 2113 (1) ◽  
pp. 012038
Author(s):  
Mingzheng Yuan

Abstract This research designs an absolute-value detector with the function of threshold comparing. Specifically, it is an essential device in the spike detection of the brain-machine interface. The optimized design in the research can accomplish the main functions in spike detection and has good performance in both delay and energy consumption. It comes up with two types of design at the beginning. To make the design reliable and comprehensive, it decides to discuss both methods in this paper. The first design is using a full adder, multiplexer and comparator. The concept of its logic circuit is adding the logic one to the input when the given input data is negative, keeping the original information as the given input data is positive. To achieve the function of adding, this study chooses the full adders. The primary purpose of using multiplexers is to select from the processed input and original input, and the choice depends on the most significant bit (MSB) of the input data. To compare the absolute value of the input data with a given threshold, this research used a multi-bit comparator. The second design is based on the fundamental algorithms of calculating total numbers. It indicates that this study can operate it with the threshold value through a subtractor when the input is negative. On the contrary, an adder can be used when the information is positive. Based on the concept of logic optimization, this study chooses to use the only subtractors, and it just needs to focus on the borrow bit, which can indicate the more significant number. By connecting the MSB of the input with the subtractors through XOR gates, the selection can be achieved without using any multiplexer. In the process of removing and replacing the devices, it reached the optimization of the design. Then, this paper compared the minimum delay by calculating each stage’s size and finding that the second design is better. Finally, based on the dual design, this essay computed the energy consumption in the circuit and implement VDD optimization to obtain the minimum energy.


1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1367-1372
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Fonseca ◽  
L. A. Amarante Ribeiro

The damped two-level system, driven by a strong incident classical field near resonance frequency is subjected to the effect of thermal fluctuations. To simulate the thermal bath we introduce a large system of harmonic oscillators that represents the normal modes of the thermal radiation field. From the Heisenberg equations of motion we calculate the power spectrum of the scattered field and the intensity correlation function. The results show that the presence of the bath dramatically modifies the light scattered by the two-level system when compared with the case without a thermal bath.


2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-331
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Kaczorek

AbstractA new formulation of the minimum energy control problem for the positive 2D continuous-discrete linear systems with bounded inputs is proposed. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the reachability of the systems are established. Conditions for the existence of the solution to the minimum energy control problem and a procedure for computation of an input minimizing the given performance index are given. Effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated on numerical example.


Author(s):  
Gleb L. Kotkin ◽  
Valeriy G. Serbo

This chapter addresses the canonical transformation defined by the given generating function, the rotation in the phase space as a canonical transformation, and themovement of the system as a canonical transformation. The chapter also discusses using the canonical transformations for solving the problems of the anharmonic oscillations and using the canonical transformation to diagonalize the Hamiltonian function of an anisotropic charged harmonic oscillator in a magnetic field. Finally, the chapter addresses the canonical variables which reduce the Hamiltonian function of the harmonic oscillator to zero and using them for consideration of the system of the harmonic oscillators with the weak nonlinear coupling.


2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (19) ◽  
pp. 1350077 ◽  
Author(s):  
IOANNIS HARANAS ◽  
IOANNIS GKIGKITZIS

Bekenstein has obtained an upper limit on the entropy S, and from that, an information number bound N is deduced. In other words, this is the information contained within a given finite region of space that includes a finite amount of energy. Similarly, this can be thought as the maximum amount of information required to perfectly describe a given physical system down to its quantum level. If the energy and the region of space are finite then the number of information N required in describing the physical system is also finite. In this short paper, two information number bounds are derived and compared for two types of universe. First, a universe without a cosmological constant Λ and second a universe with a cosmological constant Λ are investigated. This is achieved with the derivation of two different relations that connect the Hubble constant and cosmological constants to the number of information N. We find that the number of information N involved in the two universes are identical or N2 = N2Λ, and that the total mass of the universe scales as the square root of the information number N, containing. an information number N of the order of 10122. Finally, we expressed Calogero's quantization action as a function of the number of information N. We also have found that in self-gravitating systems the number of information N in nats is the ratio of the total kinetic to total thermal energy of the system.


2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Alicki ◽  
Michał Horodecki ◽  
Paweł Horodecki ◽  
Ryszard Horodecki

It is often claimed, that from a quantum system of d levels, and entropy S and heat bath of temperature T one can draw kT lnd–TS amount of work. However, the usual arguments basing on Szilard engine, are not fully rigorous. Here we prove the formula within Hamiltonian description of drawing work from a quantum system and a heat bath, at the cost of entropy of the system. We base on the derivation of thermodynamical laws and quantities in [10] within weak coupling limit. Our result provides fully physical scenario for extracting thermodynamical work form quantum correlations [4]. We also derive Landauer's principle as a consequence of the second law within the considered model.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budhayash Gautam

The energetic state of a protein is one of the most important representative parameters of its stability. The energy of a protein can be defined as a function of its atomic coordinates. This energy function consists of several components: 1. Bond energy and angle energy, representative of the covalent bonds, bond angles. 2. Dihedral energy, due to the dihedral angles. 3. A van der Waals term (also called Leonard-Jones potential) to ensure that atoms do not have steric clashes. 4. Electrostatic energy accounting for the Coulomb’s Law m protein structure, i.e. the long-range forces between charged and partially charged atoms. All these quantitative terms have been parameterized and are collectively referred to as the ‘force-field’, for e.g. CHARMM, AMBER, AMBERJOPLS and GROMOS. The goal of energy Minimization is to find a set of coordinates representing the minimum energy conformation for the given structure. Various algorithms have been formulated by varying the use of derivatives. Three common algorithms used for this optimization are steepest descent, conjugate gradient and Newton–Raphson. Although energy Minimization is a tool to achieve the nearest local minima, it is also an indispensable tool in correcting structural anomalies, viz. bad stereo-chemistry and short contacts. An efficient optimization protocol could be devised from these methods in conjunction with a larger space exploration algorithm, e.g. molecular dynamics.


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