scholarly journals DEAD WORDS OF MINANGKABAUNESE USED IN BASA AMPEK BALAI TAPAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oca Wulandari ◽  
Jufrizal Jufrizal
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Language Death ◽  
Day By Day

 Tapan dialect is one of dialect of Minangkabaunese in Tapan. There are so many dead words or words that been forgotten by Tapan society nowaday. Words that are no longer used or dead words that happen day by day can make language death happen. This paper explains the causes of dead words in Basa Ampek Balai Tapan subdistrict and explain the word class of those dead words. According to the result of analysis it can be concluded that there are many factors that causes dead words occur in Basa Ampek Balai Tapan dialect, Pesisir Selatan regency such as language contact, the influence of globalization, feel proud of using lingua franca, the objects do not exist anyomore, less care on their own dialect and the words sound impolite to hear.This paper agrees that endangered languages are worth saving so we need to be aware about many factors contribute to language death.Keywords : dead words, dead language, dialect, Minangkabaunese 

LANGUAGE CONTACT, VARIATION, AND CHANGE. Jussi Niemi, Terence Odlin, and Janne Heikkinen (Eds.). Joensuu, Finland: University of Joensuu, 1998. Pp. 286.

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-602
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Summer School ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
Language Death

The chapters of this book come from the 1997 Finnish Conference on Linguistics and the Scandinavian Summer School on Language Diversity. A number of the contributions focus on endangered languages, in particular, Ingrian Finnish. Hallamaa discusses developing appropriate methodologies to study endangered languages and evaluate individual language proficiency. Chapters by Koko and Riionheimo describe the loss of Ingrian through shift to Estonian. Ingrian is, again, the topic for Savijiirvi, who compares and provides a detailed sociohistory of four Balto-Finnic languages: Votian, Ingrian, Estonian, and Finnish. Duray writes about language death, focusing on the extralinguistic factors that have caused a community-wide shift to Russian by the Nganasan-speaking people.

scholarly journals “If English Was Good Enough for Jesus, It’s Good Enough for Me”

Paideusis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Peter Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Teaching English ◽  
World War ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
The World ◽  
Harmful Effects

Since the end of World War II, English has become the virtual lingua franca of the planet. However, this development carries significant ethical and educational questions: What are the consequences of the worldwide dominance of the English language? How has it affected and how will it affect the fortunes of other languages? What can and should we as educators to do to minimize or eliminate the harmful effects on some of the endangered languages of the world? This paper will invite educators into a philosophical discussion of the ethical complexities of teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language.

scholarly journals Suffixed plurals in Baïnonk languages: Agreement patterns and diachronic development

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Yao Cobbinah
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Noun Classes ◽  
Noun Class ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
Further Development

AbstractThis paper re-evaluates hypotheses about the agreement behaviour of nouns using plural suffixes in the Baïnounk languages (Niger Congo/ Atlantic/ North Atlantic). Although these languages dispose of a large and complex prefixing noun class systems which are involved in expressing number distinctions, a subgroup of nouns uses a suffix for pluralisation. It is shown here that plural-suffixing nouns do not engage in the typologically rare process of phonological agreement copying as has been claimed previously. Instead, they are prefixed nouns, triggering alliterative agreement. Several scenarios about the origin and further development of the plural suffixes are presented. Synchronic data suggest that plural suffixes are older than the split of Nyun-Buy languages from a common ancestor. It is highly unlikely that it is borrowed from Mandinka, a regionally influential lingua franca which does not have noun classes. Instead, it seems plausible that plural suffixes have arisen through internal processes in which animacy and collective semantics have played a role. Potential candidates for a source morpheme for the plural suffix include a plural morpheme from the verbal domain or alternatively an associative plural. The role and impact of language contact and large scale borrowing on the extent of plural suffixation in the various Baïnounk languages is discussed.

scholarly journals Modelling loanword success – a sociolinguistic quantitative study of Māori loanwords in New Zealand English

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreea Simona Calude ◽  
Steven Miller ◽  
Mark Pagel
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Word Class ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Similar Model ◽  
Balanced Approach

AbstractLoanword use has dominated the literature on language contact and its salient nature continues to draw interest from linguists and non-linguists. Traditionally, loanwords were investigated by means of raw frequencies, which are at best uninformative and at worst misleading. Following a new wave of studies which look at loans from a quantitatively more informed standpoint, modelling “success” by taking into account frequency of the counterparts available in the language adopting the loanwords, we propose a similar model of loan-use and demonstrate its benefits in a case study of loanwords from Māori into (New Zealand) English. Our model contributes to previous work in this area by combining both the success measure mentioned above with a rich range of linguistic characteristics of the loanwords (such as loan length and word class), as well as a similarly detailed group of sociolinguistic characteristics of the speakers using them (gender, age and ethnicity of both, speakers and addresses). Our model is unique in bringing together of all these factors at the same time. The findings presented here illustrate the benefit of a quantitatively balanced approach to modelling loanword use. Furthermore, they illustrate the complex interaction between linguistic and sociolinguistic factors in such language contact scenarios.

scholarly journals On the Conceptual History of the Term Lingua Franca

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Brosch
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
History Of ◽  
Positive Feature ◽  
Distribution Of Power

This paper aims to give an outline of the development of the term “Lingua Franca”. Initially the proper name of an extinct pidgin, to “Lingua Franca”, the term has become a common noun, used with regard to language contact phenomena in general – at first specifically for pidgins and trade languages, but now for all vehicular languages. This broader usage is especially prominent in the field of research known as “English as a lingua franca” (ELF). Using ELF as an example, it is shown that the modern usage is partly inconsistent and can be misleading, as it connects a positive feature of the original Lingua Franca, viz linguistic equality, with a language with native speakers like English, which implies a totally different distribution of power in communicative situations and economic resources in language learning. Against the background of the etymological meaning of “lingua franca” and the competing, less ambiguous term “vehicular language”, a new classification system for interlingual contact is proposed. Within it it is argued that “lingua franca communication” should be confined to contexts where no native speakers of the vehicular language being used are involved – whenever the presence or absence can be stated.

Language Shift and Maintenance in Uttarakhand, a Hilly State of India

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-244
Author(s):  
Kavita Rastogi ◽  
Madri Kakoti
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
The State ◽  
Home Front ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
At Home

Several lesser known and tribal languages of India are rapidly choosing to shift to local and official languages in educational, social, and even personal domains. This preference of the ‘other' language is aided by social, political, and economic factors that often devise the ‘other' as dominant. This chapter looks at the extent of language shift with respect to two communities living in the state of Uttarakhand in India and speaking respectively named endangered languages, Jad and Raji, in the light of these factors. The authors examine how language contact that is causal in language shift is changing their linguistic make up. In the Jad community, Hindi and Garhwali are the major dominating languages, and their presence can be seen in all the domains (100% in education, 35% in religious activities, and even 25% at home). In the Raji community, the usurping languages are Kumaoni and Hindi, and their presence in education is 100%, in religious activities is 45%, and 35% at the home front.

Languages and Sociolinguistics of the Caucasus

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-66
Author(s):  
Nina Dobrushina ◽  
Michael Daniel ◽  
Yuri Koryakov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Writing Practices ◽  
Official Sources ◽  
Official Status

This chapter provides a sociolinguistic account of the languages of the Caucasus, including figures for speakers and their geographical distribution, language vitality, the official status of the languages, orthography, and writing practices. The chapter discusses language repertoires typical of different areas in the Caucasus, and their change over the 20th century. As a showcase, it provides an overview of traditional multilingualism in Daghestan, the most linguistically dense are in the Caucasus. It discusses various patterns of interethnic communication, including lingua franca and asymmetrical bilingualism. We show that bilingualism was gendered, and how Russian was spreading in the area as a new lingua franca. The chapter surveys the outcomes of language contact, covering both lexical borrowing (including main references to etymological research) and providing examples of structural convergence, with a special focus on the area of the highest language density in the Caucasus, Dagestan. Data in the chapter are based both on official sources (censuses), on information provided by experts and on the authors’ own work in the field.

Discovering endangered Tibetic varieties in the easternmost Tibetosphere

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Suzuki ◽  
Sonam Wangmo
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Han Chinese ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Local Variety ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Town ◽  
The Ming Dynasty

Dartsendo (Dar-rtse-mdo in Written Tibetan), generally known as Kangding, is a town in the easternmost Tibetosphere, located in Ganzi (dKar-mdzes) Prefecture, Sichuan, China. This town has played an important role for the tea-horse trade since the Ming Dynasty, and is inhabited by both Tibetan and Han Chinese. Under these circumstances, extensive language contact has existed for a long time. Dartsendo Tibetan is the Minyag Rabgang vernacular of Khams Tibetan, and it was once considered as a lingua franca-like variety in the Minyag Rabgang area. However, Dartsendo Tibetan is currently facing extinction. This paper will discuss: (1) the historical background and language situation in Dartsendo, (2) the current language situation of Tibetic languages spoken in the centre of the Town, and 3) the process of endangerment of the local variety. Based on these descriptions, this paper will also propose a method for identifying endangered varieties in the Tibetic languages.

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