ESTIMACIÓN DE LAS EMISIONES DE CONTAMINANTES ATMOSFÉRICOS PROVENIENTES DE FUENTES MÓVILES EN EL ÁREA URBANA DE ENVIGADO, COLOMBIA (ESTIMATION OF THE EMISSIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS FROM  MOBILE SOURCES IN THE URBAN AREA OF ENVIGADO, COLOMBIA)

Este trabajo de investigación presenta los resultados de la estimación de contaminantes atmosféricos (CO, NOx, SO2, PM10 y COV) provenientes de fuentes móviles en la zona urbana del municipio de Envigado para el año 2010. Se utilizó información de vehículos matriculados en el municipio, aforos, distribución y actividad vehiculares. Las emisiones fueron estimadas mediante los factores establecidos en el método IVE que mejor se ajustaron a los patrones de movilidad, características del parque automotor y tipo de combustibles presentes en la zona de estudio. Como resultado, fue posible estimar las emisiones horarias y diarias de los contaminantes analizados, y con la ayuda de un sistema SIG, se representaron gráficamente. A partir de los resultados, se evidenció que las mayores emisiones se presentaron sobre las vías con mayor tránsito vehicular (Carrera 50 o Avenida Regional, carrera 48 o Avenida Las Vegas, carrera 43A o Avenida El Poblado y vía paralela a la quebrada La Ayurá); el mayor aporte lo hace el monóxido de carbono (CO) con 18,4 t d-1 (71,3 %), la hora del día con mayor emisión de este contaminante es las 12:00 horas con 1,4 t h-1 (7,4 %) y la categoría vehicular que más aporta a los niveles ambientales con este contaminante es Autos con 8,3 ton d-1 (32,7 %).Abstract: This research presents the results of estimates of air pollutants (CO, NOx, SO2, PM10 and VOC) from mobile sources in the urban area of the municipality of Envigado for 2010. We use information on vehicles registered in the municipality, capacity, vehicular distribution and activity for categories. The emissions were estimated by the factors in the IVE method with best fit to the mobility patterns, vehicular fleet characteristics and type of combustibles in the area under study. As a result, it was possible to estimate hourly and daily emissions of the pollutants studied, and with the help of a GIS system, were plotted. From the results, we found that the largest releases occurred on roads with higher vehicle traffic (Carrera 50 or Avenue Regional, Carrera 48 or Avenue Las Vegas, Carrera 43A or Avenue El Poblado and road parallel to the stream La Ayurá), where the largest contribution does carbon monoxide (CO) with 18,4 t d-1 (71,3 %), time of day which showed the highest emission of this pollutant is at 12:00 hours with 1,4 t h-1 (7,4 %) and the vehicle category that most contributes to environmental levels are Automobile with 8 t d-1 (32,7 %).

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ЭКОЛОГО-ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЙОНИРОВАНИЕ ТЕРРИТОРИИГ. БИРОБИДЖАНА ПО УРОВНЮ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ СНЕЖНОГО ПОКРОВА

10.33833/tig.2019.81.41.013 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

V.B. Kalmanova

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Snow Cover ◽

Urban Area ◽

Constructive Method ◽

Comparative Characteristic ◽

Ecological State ◽

Sources Of Pollution ◽

Mobile Sources ◽

Arcview Gis ◽

Very High

В статье представлены результаты исследования экологогеохимического состояния снежного покрова как индикатора качества атмосферного воздуха г. Биробиджана. Выявлены основные природные и антропогенные факторы, предопределяющие экологическое состояние городской территории в зимний период (климатические, планировочная структура, стационарные и мобильные источники загрязнения). Определено, что выбросы основных загрязнителей во время отопительного сезона превышает летний в 6,5 раз. Проведены геохимические исследования снежного покрова на 60 экспериментальных площадках, заложенных в различных функциональных зонах города. Выявлено значительное превышение тяжелых металлов над фоновым уровнем: железа до 60, марганца до 50, меди до 40, цинка до 20, никеля до 12, свинца до 10, кобальта до 6 раз. С 2003 по 2018 годы содержание химических элементов в снеге увеличилось в 2 раза за счет мобильных источников загрязнения, ТЭЦ, котельных. Проведена сравнительная характеристика накопления тяжелых металлов в снеге за 2003 и 2018 годы и установлен ранжированный ряд загрязняющих токсичных веществ. Разработана шкала оценки загрязнения депонирующих сред по суммарному показателю концентрации тяжелых металлов, согласно которой в Биробиджане выявлено 5 уровней загрязнения снежного покрова. В целом экологическое состояние урбанизированной территории признано неудовлетворительным (8 площади территории относится к очень высокому, 14 к высокому, 21 к выше среднему, 27 к среднему уровням загрязнения, 30 к относительно чистым районам города). По полученным результатам разработана карта в программе ArcView GIS Экологогеохимическое районирование территории г. Биробиджана по уровню загрязнения снежного покрова с выделением наиболее загрязненных участков (70 от общей площади города является загрязненной). По результатам проведенных исследований предложены конструктивные методы планирования урбанизированной территории с целью улучшения ее экологического состояния: проведение геомониторинга (контроль загрязнения снежного покрова и своевременный его вывоз на специально оборудованные полигоны). Snow cover is taken as an indicator of air quality using Birobidzhan, a middlesize city in the Russian Far East, as a case study. The main natural and manmade determinants influencing the ecological state of the urban area in winter are identified: climate, a planning structure, and the stationary and mobile sources of pollution. During the heating season the emission of major pollutants exceeds the summer level by 6.5 times. The geochemical study of snow cover was performed at 60 experimental sites in different functional urban areas. A significant excess of heavy metals over the regional background level was revealed: iron up to 60 times, manganese up to 50, copper up to 40, zinc up to 20 , nickel up to 12, lead up to 10, cobalt up to 6 times. From 2003 to 2018 the content of chemical elements in snow increased in 2 times due to the mobile sources of pollution, thermal power plants, and boilers. The comparative characteristic of accumulation of heavy metals in snow for 2003 and 2018 is carried out, and the ranked number of polluting toxic substances is established. The scale of pollution assessment in depositing environments was developed using the cumulative indicator of heavy metal concentration. Five levels of snow cover pollution are found in Birobidzhan: low, moderate, above moderate, high and very high. As a whole, the ecological state of the urban area is considered as unsatisfactory (8 of the area with a very high level of pollution, 14 with high, 21 above moderate, 27 a moderate level of pollution, 30 a relatively clean area). According to the results, a map was developed in the ArcView GIS program Ecological and geochemical zoning of Birobidzhan, using the level of the snow cover pollution with the allocation of the most polluted areas (70 of the total area of the city is polluted). According to the results, a constructive method of planning in an urban area is proposed in order to improve its environmental condition: geomonitoring as a control of pollution in snow cover and its prompt removal to specially equipped landfills.

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Numerical model for primary and secondary air pollutants emitted from an area and point source in an urban area with chemical reaction and removal mechanisms

Materials Today Proceedings ◽

10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.706 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

C. Bhaskar ◽

K. Lakshminarayanachari

Keyword(s):

Numerical Model ◽

Point Source ◽

Urban Area ◽

Chemical Reaction ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Removal Mechanisms ◽

Secondary Air Pollutants ◽

Secondary Air

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Contribution of Mobile Sources to Ambient Particulate Concentrations in a Downtown Urban Area

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association ◽

10.1080/00022470.1980.10465109 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 30 (7) ◽

pp. 777-781 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

David R. Lincoln ◽

Edward S. Rubin

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Mobile Sources

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Analysis of Temporal Variations of Air Pollutant Concentrations in Ogoni Area, Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology ◽

10.9734/ajee/2021/v16i430260 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 63-73

Author(s):

B. Yorkor ◽

T. G. Leton ◽

J. N. Ugbebor

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Temporal Variability ◽

Niger Delta ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

Hourly Data ◽

Air Pollutant Concentrations

This study investigated the temporal variations of air pollutant concentrations in Ogoni area, Niger Delta, Nigeria. The study used hourly data measured over 8 hours for 12 months at selected locations within the area. The analyses were based on time series and time variations techniques in Openair packages of R programming software. The variations of air pollutant concentrations by time of day and days of week were simulated. Hours of the day, days of the week and monthly variations were graphically simulated. Variations in the mean concentrations of air pollutants by time were determined at 95 % confidence intervals. Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ground level Ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations exceeded permissible standards. Air pollutant concentrations showed increase in January, February, November and December compared to other months. Simulation showed that air pollutants varied significantly by hours-of-the-day and days-of-the-week and months-of-the-year. Analysis of temporal variability revealed that air pollutant concentrations increased during weekdays and decreased during weekends. The temporal variability of air pollutants in Ogoni area showed that anthropogenic activities were the main sources of air pollution in the area, therefore further studies are required to determine air pollutant dispersion pattern and evaluation the potential sources of air pollution in the area.

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Occupational exposure to particles and air pollutants in a car paint workshop

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckab120.051 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

Ana Ferreira ◽

António Loureiro ◽

Silvia Seco ◽

João Paulo Figueiredo ◽

Susana Paixão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Air Quality ◽

Occupational Exposure ◽

Occupational Health ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Well Being ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

Inhalable Particles ◽

The Government

Abstract Background In auto paint workshops there are several chemical, physical and biological agents that are harmful to health, making it essential to guarantee the well-being and safety of workers. In this sense, the assessment of the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) of these places, in an associated context of occupational health, proves to be important. Methods The present study had as main objective to evaluate the occupational exposure of workers in an automobile painting workshop to particles and air pollutants. The data collection consisted of the evaluation of air quality, using for this purpose, the assessment of atmospheric pollutants carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), formaldehyde (CH2O), carbon dioxide sulfur (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, breathable and inhalable particles) and the meteorological variables temperature and relative humidity. The collected data was processed using the statistical software IBM SPSS version 27.0. The interpretation of the statistical tests was performed with a 95% confidence level for a maximum random error up to 5%. Results We found that the concentrations of inhalable particles recorded in some workstations exceeded the legally established exposure limit value. Conclusions IAQ should be a priority concern for the government and for all professionals working in the area of Occupational Health and Safety having in mind the implementation of measures that promote the continuous improvement of the IAQ of the facilities, thus guaranteeing a good assessment and monitoring of workstations, preventing atmospheric pollutants from reaching concentrations that could put workers' health at risk.

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High-resolution mapping of vehicle emissions of atmospheric pollutants based on large-scale, real-world traffic datasets

10.5194/acp-2019-32 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Daoyuan Yang ◽

Shaojun Zhang ◽

Tianlin Niu ◽

Yunjie Wang ◽

Honglei Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Real World ◽

Vehicle Emissions ◽

Large Scale ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Dispersion Model ◽

Traffic Monitoring ◽

Atmospheric Pollutants ◽

Link Model

Abstract. On-road vehicle emissions are a major contributor to elevated air pollution levels in populous metropolitan areas. We developed a link-level emissions inventory of vehicular pollutants, called EMBEV-Link, based on multiple datasets extracted from the extensive road traffic monitoring network that covers the entire municipality of Beijing, China (16 400 km2). We employed the EMBEV-Link model under various traffic scenarios to capture the significant variability in vehicle emissions, temporally and spatially, due to the real-world traffic dynamics and the traffic restrictions implemented by the local government. The results revealed high carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions in the urban area (i.e., within the Fifth Ring Road) and during rush hours, both associated with the passenger vehicle traffic. By contrast, considerable fractions of nitrogen oxides (NOX), fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) emissions were present beyond the urban area, as heavy-duty trucks (HDTs) were not allowed to drive through the urban area during daytime. The EMBEV-Link model indicates that non-local HDTs could for 29 % and 38 % of estimated total on-road emissions of NOX and PM2.5, which were ignored in previous conventional emission inventories. We further combined the EMBEV-Link emission inventory and a computationally efficient dispersion model, RapidAir®, to simulate vehicular NOX concentrations at fine resolutions (10 m × 10 m in the entire municipality and 1 m × 1 m in the hotspots). The simulated results indicated a close agreement with ground observations and captured sharp concentration gradients from line sources to ambient areas. During the nighttime when the HDT traffic restrictions are lifted, HDTs could be responsible for approximately 10 μg m−3 of NOX in the urban area. The uncertainties of conventional top-down allocation methods, which were widely used to enhance the spatial resolution of vehicle emissions, are also discussed by comparison with the EMBEV-Link emission inventory.

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Spatial Mapping of a Highly Non-Uniform Distribution of Particle-Bound PAH in a Densely Populated Urban Area

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11050496 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 496

Author(s):

Kyung Hwan Kim ◽

Kyung-Hwan Kwak ◽

Jae Young Lee ◽

Sung Ho Woo ◽

Jong Bum Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Exposure Assessment ◽

Urban Area ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Personal Exposure ◽

Exposure Level ◽

Traffic Emission ◽

Pollution Levels ◽

Monitoring Procedure

In this work, a 2-D gridded air pollution map with a high resolution of 50 × 50 m2 was proposed to help the exposure assessment studies focusing on the association between air pollutants and their health effects. To establish a reliable air pollution map in a 2 × 2 km2 urban area, a mobile monitoring procedure and a data process were developed. Among the various vehicle-related air pollutants, the particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pPAH) was chosen as a sensitive indicator. The average pPAH concentration on major roads (293.1 ng/m3) was found to be 35 times higher than that at a background location (8.4 ng/m3). Based on the cell-based pPAH concentrations, the 50 × 50 m2 cells in the air pollution map were categorized into five pollution levels. The higher air pollution levels were generally shown by the cells close to the major traffic emission points. The proposed map can be used to make various policies regarding land use and traffic flow control in urban areas. Estimation of the personal exposure level to air pollutants is possible at a reliable location using the highly resolved 2-D gridded air pollution map in exposure assessment studies.

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