scholarly journals Reconstruction Of A System Of National Parks And Protected Areas In China And Russia According To New Demands And Challenges Facing Implementation Of The Belt And Road Project

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Bocharnikov ◽  
Suocheng Dong ◽  
Minyan Zhao ◽  
Zehong Li

The Protected Areas (PA) system serves to support healthy ecosystems and threatened species, biodiversity and ecosystem services, as well as providing multiple benefits to people. The ecological doctrine ofRussiaconsiders the development of a system of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) to be one of the key directions of state policy. In the history of this country, the creation of SPNA is a traditional and effective step, but currently, state environmental policy is very different from that of the policy of the past, as dictated by theUSSR. Today’s global events, such as the economic collapse resulting from the COVID-19 epidemic, have changed social life dramatically. However, for bothRussiaandChina, there is a clear interest in not repeating Western national park commercialization, as seen in theUSand European countries. The authors consider the idea of adding a new wilderness protected area category, because in reality, it is a very effective form of environmental conservation, especially in «Eastern»Russia. It is discussed that the terrestrial protected area system is not ecologically representative at present, although most countries have reported considerable success in this field.Chinahas declared and is promoting the construction of a community with a «shared future for humanity». The focus of this paper is onChina’s Belt and Road Initiative, as it aims for the functional creation of a new model of international economic cooperation that must include a new and close look at nature conservation.

Author(s):  
Александр ДОРОФЕЕВ ◽  
Alexander DOROFEEV ◽  
Лидия БОГДАНОВА ◽  
Lidiy BOGDANOVA ◽  
Елена ХОХЛОВА ◽  
...  

The concept of “ecological tourism” both in the world and in Russia has appeared in the second half of the twentieth century, although people traveled with natural-focused purposes, including around the protected areas, much earlier. The article presents several definitions of ecotourism, including the two given by the authors. The authors note that ecotourism can be developed in two ways: as a journey on any remaining natural areas or as tour, excursion exclusively within specially protected natural areas (SPNA). The second option is successfully developed in many Englishspeaking countries. The article confirms this fact using the original modern data on the dynamics of visits to the most famous national parks in the USA. Based on the analysis of literature and Internet sources it is concluded that the governance of the Russian Federation considers it necessary to develop eco-tourism in our country according to the second “North American” concept. In this case, the people attending the state protected areas – national parks and reserves with educational and recreational goals should be considered as eco-tourists. Based on this assumption the authors of the article give modern official data concerning the number of specially protected areas of different types in Russia as main destinations of ecotourism. The article presents the diagrams showing the quantitative characteristics of the infrastructure for ecotourists in specially protected areas: visitor centers, museums, ecological paths and routes. The dynamics of tourist arrivals in the reserves and national parks of Russia for the period 2001-2016 years is analyzed. In the final part of the article the main problems of eco-tourists recording are identified.


Author(s):  
Milica Dobričić ◽  
◽  
Goran Sekulić ◽  

This chapter discusses the importance of evaluating ecosystem services by showcasing the Protected Areas Benefit Assessment Tool (PA-BAT), which has been applied in seven Dinaric Arc countries, and has gathered information on a range of values and benefits that protected areas provide. The PA-BAT results presented here include data for protected areas in Serbia (national parks Tara, Djerdap, Fruška gora and Kopaonik, Landscape of exceptional features of Vlasina and Special Nature Reserve of the Upper Danube) and economic assessment of 22 protected area values with special reference to tourism and recreation. This chapter gives a brief overview of other analyzes and initiatives for assessing the value of ecosystem services related to protected areas in Serbia. This chapter aims to contribute to a better understanding and promotion of the concept of ecosystem services in tourism and other sectors using PA-BAT and other methods of evaluation of protected area services.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 358-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Widawski ◽  
Zdzisław Jary ◽  
Piotr Oleśniewicz ◽  
Piotr Owczarek ◽  
Julita Markiewicz-Patkowska ◽  
...  

AbstractThis article examines the tourist role of protected areas important for their unanimated nature potential. In Poland the highest form of legal protection is a national park. Babiogórski National Parks is one of 23 national parks in Poland. The aim of this article is to present its tourist attraction based on its geotourist potential considered by tourists who visit this park. At the beginning a brief history of protection of Babia Góra is presented. Based on stock-taking sightseeing method an analysis of the most important tourist attractiveness elements (like infrastructure or tourist values) is done. The focus on the values of unanimated nature is made grouping them into four main categories. As the result of research on infrastructure the most important accommodation units were indicated present at the surroundings of this National Park which is vital for its tourist capacity. For the correct functioning of tourist movement at the protected area the supporting infrastructure is important bearing a lot of functions. The function of channeling of the tourist movement as well as the didactic function are the most important for protection and correct use of geotourist values. Among the many elements of the supporting infrastructure the most important ones are tourist and didactic routes (their course and themes are presented). The most important part of the article is the presentation of the participants of the tourist movement opinions on the Babiogórski National Park tourist attractiveness. A survey was conducted and then analysed on 308 respondents in 2011. They were asked to judge both the quality of infrastructure as well as attraction of geotourist values together with their adaptation to reception by the tourist movement. The results analysis served as a base to appraise the state and perspectives for the geotourism development in Babiogórski National Park from the point of view of the receivers of tourist product i.e. the protected area.


Land ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karyn Tabor ◽  
Jennifer Hewson ◽  
Hsin Tien ◽  
Mariano González-Roglich ◽  
David Hole ◽  
...  

Identifying protected areas most susceptible to climate change and deforestation represents critical information for determining conservation investments. Development of effective landscape interventions is required to ensure the preservation and protection of these areas essential to ecosystem service provision, provide high biodiversity value, and serve a critical habitat connectivity role. We identified vulnerable protected areas in the humid tropical forest biome using climate metrics for 2050 and future deforestation risk for 2024 modeled from historical deforestation and global drivers of deforestation. Results show distinct continental and regional patterns of combined threats to protected areas. Eleven Mha (2%) of global humid tropical protected area was exposed to the highest combined threats and should be prioritized for investments in landscape interventions focused on adaptation to climate stressors. Global tropical protected area exposed to the lowest deforestation risk but highest climate risks totaled 135 Mha (26%). Thirty-five percent of South America’s protected area fell into this risk category and should be prioritized for increasing protected area size and connectivity to facilitate species movement. Global humid tropical protected area exposed to a combination of the lowest deforestation and lowest climate risks totaled 89 Mha (17%), and were disproportionately located in Africa (34%) and Asia (17%), indicating opportunities for low-risk conservation investments for improved connectivity to these potential climate refugia. This type of biome-scale, protected area analysis, combining both climate change and deforestation threats, is critical to informing policies and landscape interventions to maximize investments for environmental conservation and increase ecosystem resilience to climate change.


Author(s):  
Carolina Mattosinho de Carvalho Alvite ◽  
Marcelo Derzi Vidal ◽  
Oscar Heriberto Pardinas Borreani ◽  
Eduardo Castro Menezes Borba

O Brasil, país detentor de grande sociobiodiversidade, aponta como importante destino para a prática do turismo que tem na natureza sua principal motivação. Muitas áreas naturais com rica diversidade biológica e cultural encontram-se em Unidades de Conservação (UC). As Reservas Extrativistas (RESEX), categoria de UC que permite a presença de populações tradicionais em seus limites, amplia o leque de oportunidades de visitação nas áreas protegidas brasileiras, incorporando não apenas o patrimônio natural, mas também o patrimônio cultural e modo de vida das comunidades nelas inseridas. Trata-se do turismo comunitário ou de base comunitária, que representa uma proposta de desenvolvimento territorial sustentável e que abrange diversas dimensões da vida em sociedade. Não é um novo segmento de mercado, mas uma nova forma de “fazer” o turismo, assentado nas relações de hospitalidade, do intercâmbio cultural, do protagonismo e fortalecimento da autoestima das comunidades, e da conservação ambiental como valor intrínseco aos seus modos de vida. A Ilha dos Lençóis abrange uma comunidade de pescadores tradicionais inserida na RESEX de Cururupu, que historicamente tem atraído visitantes devido ao seu rico patrimônio cultural - o imaginário sobre o lugar e seus habitantes revestido da encantaria Sebastiana, e também ao patrimônio natural. O presente artigo buscou definir o perfil da visitação na Ilha dos Lençóis com o intuito de subsidiar a gestão da RESEX. Entre julho de 2011 e agosto de 2013 foram entrevistados 103 visitantes. Esses são em sua maioria brasileiros, com idade entre 30 a 39 anos e alto grau de escolaridade. A organização da viagem se deu predominantemente por conta própria, sendo inexpressiva a participação das agências de turismo. A decisão de conhecer a Ilha foi motivada principalmente pela indicação de amigos e/ou parentes, seguida pela divulgação na mídia. Em sua maioria, os visitantes viajam com amigos ou em casal, em busca de uma opção de lazer. Uma porcentagem expressiva de visitantes busca a Ilha com fins de pesquisa, trabalho ou estudo. Predominaram curtas estadias, embora existam visitantes que tenham permanecido por até 13 dias na comunidade. Os atrativos naturais foram os principais motivadores da visita, seguidos pelo isolamento e tranquilidade do local. Os atrativos culturais também foram aspectos importantes. O perfil dos visitantes encontrado coincide, em alguns aspectos, com pesquisas sobre demanda de iniciativas de turismo de base comunitária no Brasil. O turismo realizado na Ilha tem atendido às expectativas dos visitantes, verificada pela alta satisfação indicada na pesquisa. Profile of visitors of Lençóis Island, community of traditional fishermen, Cururupu Extractive Reserve (MA, Brazil) ABSTRACT Brazil holds a large sociobiodiversity and points out how important for tourism that has its main motivation in nature. Many of the natural areas of rich biological and cultural diversity are in UCs (Conservation Units), the Brazilian term for protected areas. Extractive Reserves (RESEX), UC where presence of traditional populations within their boundaries is allowed, widen the range of opportunities for tourism in the Brazilian protected areas, incorporating both natural and cultural aspects of the communities way of life. This is community tourism or community-based tourism (TBC), which is a proposal for a sustainable territorial development that covers various dimensions of social life. There is not a new market segment, but a new way of "doing” tourism, seated in the relations of hospitality and cultural exchanges besides strengthening the role of self-esteem of communities and environmental conservation as intrinsic to their way of life value. Lençóis Island covers a community of traditional fishermen inserted in RESEX Cururupu, which historically has attracted visitors due to its rich cultural heritage - the imagery of the place and its inhabitants coated “enchant Sebastiana” and also to the rich natural heritage. This paper aims to define the profile of visitation to the Lençóis Island in order to support the management of visitation in RESEX. Between July 2011 and August 2013, 103 visitors were interviewed, mostly of them were Brazilian, aging 30 to 39 years old and highly educated. The organization of the trip occurred predominantly on their own, with negligible participation of tourists agencies. The decision to visit the Island was primarily motivated by friends and/or relatives, followed by media coverage. Mostly visitors traveled with friends or a couple searching for leisure options. A significant percentage of visitors seeking the Island for research purposes, work or study. The predominant schedules were short stays, although there were visitor’s kepting for up to 13 days in the community. The natural attractions were the key drivers of the business, followed by the place isolation, but cultural attractions were important aspects as well. The visitor profile matches those found on demand initiatives researches carried on by TBC in Brazil. The community tourism held on the Island has fulfilled the expectations of visitors, verified by high satisfaction of them. KEYWORDS: Community-based Tourism; Extractive Reserve; Protected Area.


2018 ◽  
pp. 113-142
Author(s):  
Nenad Rankovic ◽  
Jelena Nedeljkovic ◽  
Mladen Prvulovic

The paper analyzes the laws related to the management of protected areas, i.e., determining the meaning of the content and characteristics of the texts of the laws regarding management, in order to identify possible identities, absences or contradictions in meaning. The aim of this research is to find out the nature of the legislation related to the management of protected areas, on the basis of the characteristics of the paragraphs in the observed laws of the selected countries. The analysis was carried out for three countries: Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia. Bearing in mind that these issues are subject of several different laws, the following acts were taken into account: the Law on Forests, the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Nature Conservation and the Law on National Parks. In all the observed countries, general entries are predominated (63.9%), while the entries with organizational (24.9%) and economic (11.2%) characters are much less common. When it comes to individual entries, ?Protection? is the most frequent, followed by ?Ecology? and ?Status / Function?, all of which belong to the group of general entries. In the group of entries with organizational character, ?Users? is dominant, and in the group of entries with economic character, the most important is ?Forestry?. When regulating protected area management issues, law drafters should be more focused on defining concrete solutions, which will improve work in practice, and thus satisfy the basic purpose of their adoption (protection of selected areas of social significance).


2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Tadeu R. N. de Omena ◽  
Michel Bregolin

Abstract Accelerated urbanization has stimulated tourism in natural areas and the search for a reconnection between man and nature. In that context, this article narrates the implementation of the Brazilian Trails System (RBT) based on the monitoring of the Regional Trail Caminho das Araucárias activities and the analysis of official documents and data available in social media. We evaluated the RBT’s potential to contribute to environmental conservation, landscape connection, tourism promotion and well-being through open-air recreation. In this study, we found that 1.600 kilometers of new trails were created in two years, and that there has been a growth of volunteer work and of integration among Protected Area managers. Lastly, the study highlights the importance of regional trails in enabling the RBT and its valuable contribution to the conservation of protected areas and the generation of employment and local income, based on the good practices of similar international initiatives.


2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (II) ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
B. CHETVERIKOV ◽  
◽  
A. KOSTYANCHUK ◽  

Aim. The aim of the work is to create a thematic map of National Parks and protected areas of Ukraine using GIS technologies. The objectives of the work are to propose a technological scheme of mapping of National parks and protected areas of Ukraine using GIS technologies and to describe the methodology of this mapping. Method. The first step was to search for input data and analyze them. Since the data was obtained from free online services, their geometric correction did not make sense, as they were already bound in the coordinate system WGS_1984. The following 11 layers were then vectorized: nature reserves, biosphere reserves, nature parks, regional landscape parks, reserves, natural monuments, protected tracts, botanical gardens, dendrological parks, zoological parks, parks-monuments of landscape art. An attribute database with the following structure is created for each vector layer: Name – name of the protected area, Oblast – location (region of Ukraine), Area – area of the territory (ha), Type – type of protected area according to the classification. Different symbols of protected objects are designed for each vector layer. In the future, it is planned to compile an atlas of National Parks and Protected Areas of Ukraine based on the created GIS. Results. As a result of this goal, we obtained a thematic map of National Parks and protected areas of Ukraine, which consists of 11 vector layers according to the classification of nature reserves of Ukraine and contains 1204 objects for which the corresponding attribute tables have been created. Practical significance. The practical significance of this work is quite high, because orderly, systematized spatial and attributive information will: help in resolving issues of land management and recreation; improving management efficiency; to promote the provision and development of scientific activity; to improve the information and educational functioning of the objects of the nature reserve fund, etc.


Oryx ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 332-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Wilkie ◽  
Julia F. Carpenter

AbstractIn the debt-ridden, high-population-growth, resource-mining states of the Congo Basin, conservation of biodiversity is seldom the primary concern of national policy makers or of local resource users. Moreover, the recurring costs of managing protected areas and the opportunity costs of forgoing logging and farming to maintain protected areas are a substantial net drain on national and local economies. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly important that protected areas generate, from user fees or donor contributions, sufficient funds to offset the costs of maintaining them. Government and donor investment currently meet less than 30 per cent of the estimated recurring costs required to manage the protected-area network within central African countries effectively, and cover none of the growing opportunity costs. Nature tourism, the fastest growing sector of the $US3 trillion (3 million million) a year global tourism industry, may offer a source of revenue to help fill this gap in funds. Congo Basin national parks and reserves harbour many charismatic animals (okapi, lowland gorilla, mandrills, bongo, forest elephant) that are likely to attract tourists, and as a result many protected- area managers are sinking capital into the development of tourist infrastructure. This paper reviews the evidence for ecotourism's capacity to generate revenue for protected-area management and appraises the financial viability of nature tourism in the Congo Basin.


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