BIOMICROSCOPY OF THE CAPILLARY FLOW - INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS DIAGNOSTICS

The goal – to evaluate the features and diagnostic value of the capillary bedbiomicroscopy results in various pathological conditions.Material and methods. The paper presents data on microcirculation study in patientsof various ages (adults and children) with different somatic pathologies (with diabetesmellitus, arterial hypertension, chronic gastroduodenitis, acute bronchitis) comparedwith healthy persons. The state of microcirculation was recorded using a digital USBmicroscope and evaluated by qualitative and semi quantitative assessment.Results. In patients with diabetes, the most changes in the form of capillariesand venules microaneurism, reduction of the functioning vessels number, slowingblood flow, decrease of arteriolo-venular coefficient were registered. In arterialhypertension, the signs of an increase in peripheral resistance were dominated, andin inflammatory diseases of the gastroduodenal zone and during bronchitis there wasa slowing of blood flow in arterioles and capillaries, an increase in the vascularity ofarterioles and the erythrocytes adhesion inside vessels.Conclusions. Biomicroscopy is simple and informative method for studyingmicrocirculation both chronic and acute diseases, the volume and nature of violationspredominantly depends on the type of pathology, its severity and duration.

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Neuroinflammation, diabetes, and COVID-19: Perspectives coming from Ca2+/cAMP signalling

Current Drug Research Reviews ◽

10.2174/2589977514666211231141401 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

Leandro Bueno Bergantin

Keyword(s):

Observational Studies ◽

Poor Prognosis ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Signalling Pathways ◽

Camp Signalling ◽

People With Dementia ◽

Bidirectional Relationship ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Clinical Relationship

Background: A link between inflammatory diseases, e.g., epilepsy, dementia, diabetes, and COVID-19, has been established. For instance, observational studies with several individuals established that people with epilepsy have shown an enhanced incidence of manifesting dysfunctions related to cognition, e.g., dementia, while people with dementia have a higher incidence of manifesting epilepsy, thus an evident bidirectional relationship between epilepsy and dementia might occur. In addition, epilepsy commonly cooccurs in patients with diabetes, so an association between these two disorders is also discussed. Intriguingly, some reports have also observed a poor prognosis for people with both diabetes and COVID-19. It is recognized that a dyshomeostasis of both Ca2+ and cAMP signalling pathways could be a molecular connection for these disorders. Objectives: Therefore, clarifying this clinical relationship among epilepsy, dementia, diabetes, and COVID-19 may outcome in novel hypotheses for identifying the etiology of these disorders.

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The Utility of Iron Chelators in the Management of Inflammatory Disorders

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2015/516740 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

C. Lehmann ◽

S. Islam ◽

S. Jarosch ◽

J. Zhou ◽

D. Hoskin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Iron Chelation ◽

Iron Regulation ◽

Human Organism ◽

Iron Availability ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Reasonable Approach ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Pharmaceutical Agents

Since iron can contribute to detrimental radical generating processes through the Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions, it seems to be a reasonable approach to modulate iron-related pathways in inflammation. In the human organism a counterregulatory reduction in iron availability is observed during inflammatory diseases. Under pathological conditions with reduced or increased baseline iron levels different consequences regarding protection or susceptibility to inflammation have to be considered. Given the role of iron in development of inflammatory diseases, pharmaceutical agents targeting this pathway promise to improve the clinical outcome. The objective of this review is to highlight the mechanisms of iron regulation and iron chelation, and to demonstrate the potential impact of this strategy in the management of several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, including cancer.

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Interdisciplinary Management of Diabetic Eye Disease: A Global Approach to Care

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice ◽

10.46743/1540-580x/2007.1137 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Annette Bade ◽

Joseph Pizzimenti

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

The United States ◽

Eye Disease ◽

Interdisciplinary Management ◽

Healthcare Team ◽

Model Of Care ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Diabetic Eye Disease ◽

Central Member

Diabetic eye disease is a leading cause of acquired blindness in the United States. Most cases of blindness secondary to diabetes mellitus are preventable. In addition to exercise, proper diet, and aggressive glycemic control, patients with diabetes mellitus should be educated to adhere to established guidelines for an annual dilated retinal evaluation. The ideal model of care for patients with diabetic eye disease is an interdisciplinary, team-oriented approach with the patient as the central member of the healthcare team. The primary purpose of this paper is to present an interdisciplinary approach to management of the ocular complications of diabetes mellitus and to educate clinicians about diabetic eye disease.

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New Fast Acting Glucagon for Recovery from Hypoglycemia, a Life-Threatening Situation: Nasal Powder and Injected Stable Solutions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms221910643 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (19) ◽

pp. 10643

Author(s):

Lucia La Sala ◽

Antonio E. Pontiroli

Keyword(s):

Severe Hypoglycemia ◽

Well Being ◽

Nasal Administration ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Good Glycemic Control ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Us ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Adults And Children ◽

Fast Acting

The goal of diabetes care is to achieve and maintain good glycemic control over time, so as to prevent or delay the development of micro- and macrovascular complications in type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, numerous barriers hinder the achievement of this goal, first of all the frequent episodes of hypoglycemia typical in patients treated with insulin as T1D patients, or sulphonylureas as T2D patients. The prevention strategy and treatment of hypoglycemia are important for the well-being of patients with diabetes. Hypoglycemia is strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients, due probably to the release of inflammatory markers and prothrombotic effects triggered by hypoglycemia. Treatment of hypoglycemia is traditionally based on administration of carbohydrates or of glucagon via intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous injection (SC). The injection of traditional glucagon is cumbersome, such that glucagon is an under-utilized drug. In 1983, it was shown for the first time that intranasal (IN) glucagon increases blood glucose levels in healthy volunteers, and in 1989–1992 that IN glucagon is similar to IM glucagon in resolving hypoglycemia in normal volunteers and in patients with diabetes, both adults and children. IN glucagon was developed in 2010 and continued in 2015; in 2019 IN glucagon obtained approval in the US, Canada, and Europe for severe hypoglycemia in children and adults. In the 2010s, two ready-to-use injectable formulations, a stable non-aqueous glucagon solution and the glucagon analog dasiglucagon, were developed, showing an efficacy similar to traditional glucagon, and approved in the US in 2020 and in 2021, respectively, for severe hypoglycemia in adults and in children. Fast-acting glucagon (nasal administration and injected solutions) appears to represent a major breakthrough in the treatment of severe hypoglycemia in insulin-treated patients with diabetes, both adults and children. It is anticipated that the availability of fast-acting glucagon will expand the use of glucagon, improve overall metabolic control, and prevent hypoglycemia-related complications, in particular cardiovascular complications and cognitive impairment.

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Urinary excretion of type IV collagen as an early marker of renal fibrosis in patients with diabetes mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

10.14341/2072-0351-5813 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 29-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Irina Arkad'evna Bondar' ◽

Vadim Valer'evich Klimontov ◽

Ekaterina Mikhailovna Parfent'eva ◽

Vyacheslav Vital'evich Romanov ◽

Alexander Petrovich Nadeev

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Renal Fibrosis ◽

Type Iv Collagen ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Control Group ◽

Type Iv ◽

Patients With Diabetes

Aim. To determine the diagnostic value of urinary excretion of type IV collagen in patients with type 1 diabetes with different stages of nephropathy.Methods. Urinary type IV collagen was determined in 60 patients with type 1 diabetes (23 with normal albuminuria, 28 with microalbuminuriaand 9 with macroalbuminuria) by an enzyme immunoassay. 10 healthy individuals were acted as the control group. Renal biopsy was performedin 22 patients. Deposits of type IV collagen were revealed by 11 individuals by immunohistochemistry. Results. The urinary excretion of type IV collagen increased with severety of diabetic nephropathy, correlating with the urinary albumin/creatinineratio, serum creatinine and parameters of daytime and nighttime systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Patients with excessive accumulation of typeIV collagen in the glomeruli had significantly higher level of type IV collagen in the urine. Conclusion. The determination of urinary type IV collagen can be used for early detection of renal fibrosis in patients with type 1 diabetes.

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Diagnostic efficacy of serum and urinary netrin-1 in the early detection of diabetic nephropathy

Journal of Investigative Medicine ◽

10.1136/jim-2021-001785 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. jim-2021-001785

Author(s):

Rasha A Elkholy ◽

Reham L Younis ◽

Alzahraa A Allam ◽

Rasha Youssef Hagag ◽

Muhammad Tarek Abdel Ghafar

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Early Detection ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Control Group ◽

Diagnostic Efficacy ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Patients With Diabetes

This study aimed to assess the diagnostic value of serum and urinary netrin-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at different stages of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and to compare its efficacy of estimation in serum with that in the urine. This study was carried out on 135 patients with T2DM and 45 healthy subjects. The patients with diabetes were divided according to urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) into: T2DM with normoalbuminuria, incipient DN with microalbuminuria, and overt DN with macroalbuminuria groups. Serum and urinary levels of netrin-1 were measured by ELISA. The mean levels of serum and urinary netrin-1 were significantly higher in the microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric patients with DN than those in the normoalbuminuric patients with T2DM, with the highest values detected in macroalbuminuric patients with DN. Urinary netrin-1 level was significantly higher in the normoalbuminuric T2DM group than control group, whereas no significant difference existed regarding serum netrin-1 level. In T2DM groups, the urinary and serum netrin-1 correlated with each other and were independently related to fasting blood glucose, UACR, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of urinary netrin-1 was 0.916 which is significantly higher than that of serum netrin-1 (0.812) for the detection of incipient DN and reached 0.938 on coestimation of both urinary and serum netrin-1. In conclusion, netrin-1 is a potential diagnostic marker for early detection of DN with its estimation in urine has higher accuracy than that of serum.

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Increased serum nesfatin-1 levels in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases

Postgraduate Medical Journal ◽

10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139227 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. postgradmedj-2020-139227

Author(s):

Şengül Beyaz ◽

Erdem Akbal

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Marker ◽

White Cell Count ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Altered Expression ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

BackgroundAdipokines are adipose tissue–derived secreted molecules that can exert anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory activities. Altered expression of adipokines has been described in various inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Little is known about nesfatin-1, a recently identified adipokine, in IBD. The aim of this study was to investigate serum nesfatin-1 levels in patients with IBD.MethodsThis study included a total of 52 adult individuals (17 patients with CD, 18 patients with UC and 17 healthy volunteers) with similar age and body mass index. Serum nesfatin-1 levels were measured by ELISA in healthy individuals and patients with IBD in their active and remission periods. Blood inflammation markers including C reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) and white cell count (WCC) were also measured in patients.ResultsWe found significantly elevated levels of serum nesfatin-1 in the active disease period in both patients with CD (p=0.00003) and patients with UC (p=0.00001), compared with healthy individuals. Serum nesfatin-1 levels moderately decreased in the remission period; however, they were still significantly higher than that of healthy individuals. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated serum nesfatin-1 with an excellent diagnostic value for IBD. Finally, patients had significantly high CRP, ESR and WCC in the active IBD; however, we found the nesfatin-1 strongly correlated only with ESR in the active CD.ConclusionThis is the first study investigating the circulating levels of nesfatin-1 in patients with IBD. Serum nesfatin-1 may serve as an additional inflammatory marker for diagnosis of IBD in affected individuals.

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Histiocytosis

Oxford Textbook of Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0521 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 5259-5262

Author(s):

Chris Hatton

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cell ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Systemic Disease ◽

Cervical Lymphadenopathy ◽

Cytotoxic T Cell ◽

Neoplastic Disease ◽

Cell Of Origin ◽

Adults And Children ◽

Clonal Nature ◽

Killing Function

The histiocytoses are disorders derived from the dendritic cell and monocyte/macrophage lineages, with the classification of this group of disorders relating to the underlying cell of origin. Dendritic cell disorders—there has been much debate about the nature of these conditions, and their status as neoplastic or primary inflammatory diseases; for Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis in particular, there is increasing evidence of their clonal nature, as manifest by recurrent BRAF mutations. Clinical features and diagnosis—these are highly variable and dependent on the sites affected by histiocytic infiltration. Symptoms and signs may include rashes, bony pain, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, cough and dyspnoea, features of marrow failure, and endocrine presentations (classically diabetes insipidus). Diagnosis typically follows imaging and biopsy, with the demonstration of a histiocytic infiltrate confirmed by immunostaining. Treatment and prognosis—the rarity and heterogeneity of these diseases has made it difficult to achieve a consensus on treatment. For localized disease, curettage, steroid injections, or targeted radiotherapy may be helpful. For more systemic disease, combination chemotherapy is typically used. Treatment schedules differ between adults and children. Prognosis is dependent mainly on the site(s) of involvement. Our expanding appreciation of the molecular basis of these conditions also provides some justification for the use of BRAF inhibitors and other targeted small molecule therapies. Macrophage-related disorders—these include haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, a collection of macrophage-activating syndromes which may be either reactive to underlying inflammatory, infective, or neoplastic disease, or consequent upon a primary genetic lesion affecting cytotoxic T-cell killing function. Rosai–Dorfman disease is a separate macrophage proliferation syndrome, thought to be non-neoplastic, which causes massive cervical lymphadenopathy, usually in children.

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Modulation of Autophagy for Controlling Immunity

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8020138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 138 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Young Jin Jang ◽

Jae Hwan Kim ◽

Sanguine Byun

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Physiological Homeostasis ◽

Autophagy Pathway ◽

Key Steps ◽

Additional Role

Autophagy is an essential process that maintains physiological homeostasis by promoting the transfer of cytoplasmic constituents to autophagolysosomes for degradation. In immune cells, the autophagy pathway plays an additional role in facilitating proper immunological functions. Specifically, the autophagy pathway can participate in controlling key steps in innate and adaptive immunity. Accordingly, alterations in autophagy have been linked to inflammatory diseases and defective immune responses against pathogens. In this review, we discuss the various roles of autophagy signaling in coordinating immune responses and how these activities are connected to pathological conditions. We highlight the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators that can impact immune responses and the mechanisms of action responsible.

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Tight Junction in the Intestinal Epithelium: Its Association with Diseases and Regulation by Phytochemicals

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2018/2645465 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Bonggi Lee ◽

Kyoung Mi Moon ◽

Choon Young Kim

Keyword(s):

Tight Junction ◽

Tight Junctions ◽

Intestinal Epithelium ◽

Essential Role ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

Nutritional Interventions ◽

Intestinal Epithelia ◽

Pathological Conditions

The intestine plays an essential role in integrating immunity and nutrient digestion and absorption. Adjacent intestinal epithelia form tight junctions (TJs) that are essential to the function of the physical intestinal barrier, regulating the paracellular movement of various substances including ions, solutes, and water across the intestinal epithelium. Studies have shown that TJ dysfunction is highly associated with metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Thus, molecular and nutritional factors that improve TJ activity have gained attention in the pharmaceutical and medicinal fields. This review focuses on the association between TJ and diverse pathological conditions, as well as various molecular and nutritional interventions designed to boost TJ integrity.

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