scholarly journals RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN SEA PORTS IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-71
Author(s):  
Marina Vladislavovna Sabaydash
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equity Capital ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Port Area

The article dwells upon the slow development of the Russian seaports and low rates of the cargo turnover compared to the growth of industrial and agricultural production. The low purchasing power of the population, high competition of the Russian export commodities in the world markets held back the increase in imports and exports. The railway network that had government preferences competed with seaports and hindered from growing coastal shipping. The Russian ports lagged behind the largest ports in Western Europe in terms of cargo turnover and technical equipment. In the Russian ports cargo operations took a lot of time due to the lack of berthing places, equipment and warehouses in the port area. The high expenditures of ship and cargo owners in seaports caused increased the freight cost and price for goods for the end consumers, which in general negatively influenced the development of the Russian economy. The small (relative to investment needs) amounts of private and equity capital, as well as high inflation, did not allow financing the construction and modernization of ports at the expense of private investors. Attracting the private capital was hindered by the high centralization of the seaport management system. The historically built ownership system in the Russian ports has identified almost the only source of financing - the state budget burdened with huge debts, whose priorities did not include the development of seaports. Their financing was hundreds of times less than the amount of financing ports in Western Europe and the USA. There has been analyzed the volume and dynamics of the turnover in the Russian seaports in comparison with the similar indicators of the Western European ports and ports of the United States, property relations in the seaports have been studied, and the levels of technological development have been presented. The seaports management system in Russia has been analyzed. The level of development of seaports was compared with the level of industrial and agricultural development.

Problems of analysis and forecasting of the level of technical equipment of agricultural enterprises (on the example of the Ryazan region)

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Elena Viktorovna Khudyakova ◽  
Mikhail Nikanorov ◽  
Vasilij Vladimirovich Butyrin
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Cluster Group ◽  
Near Future

Currently, the level of technical equipment of agricultural enterprises in the Russian Federation remains at a low level. On average, tractor availability in the country is 2–3 times less than in Kazakhstan and Belarus, and 20–30 times lower than in Western Europe and the United States. At the same time, agricultural production is faced with the task of achieving the level defined by the Food Security Doctrine in a number of industries, and increasing exports in a number of industries (production of cereals and industrial crops). In the Ryazan region, there is an appropriate resource potential for solving these problems. But the main factor constraining the increase in production is the insufficient development of the material and technical base. The dynamics of the number of major types of equipment over the past 10 years remains negative. At the same time, the region has a State program of the Ryazan region “Development of the agro-industrial complex until 2025”, which provides for a number of measures to maintain the level of technical equipment of agriculture. In this regard, the issue of scientific justification of the required amount of equipment and forecasting for the near future becomes relevant. On the regional scale, this is a difficult task, since traditional forecasting methods are not fully suitable for solving this problem due to the wide variety of production conditions in farms — soil fertility, climatic conditions, economic situation, specialization, etc. Therefore, we propose a method for determining the required amount of equipment and the amount of investment, based on the allocation of cluster groups and, then, the development of economic and mathematical models for the use of machine and tractor fleet for typical farms of each cluster group. This article analyzes the level of technical equipment of agriculture in the Ryazan region and identifies cluster groups of farms.

scholarly journals U.S. CITIES IN THE GLOBAL BANKING SYSTEM (1970s - 2010s)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
L.V. Nikitin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Banking System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Global Banking ◽  
The World ◽  
Other Information

Based on statistical data and other information, the article traces how the place of the United States of America in the world banking system was changing over the course of several decades. Such monitoring is carried out simultaneously at two levels: both in relation to the country as a whole, and to its most important cities. Research begins at the turn of the 1960s-1970s and extends to the present (the choice of the starting chronological point is determined by the fundamental shifts in the world economy that took place during that period, as well as by the emergence in 1970 of accessible and reliable statistical reports of an international scale). The set of quantitative indicators reflecting the ups and downs in the history of American banking business is considered in parallel with similar data for the main competing forces, namely Western Europe, Japan and China. The measurements show that in the 1970s and 1980s the share of the United States in the global banking was usually declining. The centre of credit activity then moved to Japan and partly to Europe. Such shifts were explained by both the relatively slow development of the US economy and a number of legal restrictions that American banks faced within their own country. Reforming of the national financial sector, carried out in several stages during the 1980s - 1990s, yielded contradictory but mostly positive results. From 1994-1995, US shares in the global banking began to rise, and then stabilized at relatively high levels. The American successes, for all their moderation, seemed to be a significant achievement, given that even the most powerful newest factor, the enormously fast strengthening of China, could not block them. Positive changes for the United States were connected with the ability to modernize national legislation rather flexibly and quickly, as well as with the maintenance of significant internal competition between cities (in comparison with the more monopolized banking areas of Europe and the largest Asian countries).

Anne O. Krueger, Constantine Michalopoulos and Vernon W. Ruttan. Aid and Development. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1989. xiv + 386 pp.Price: U.S. $ 52.00

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Foreign aid has been the subject of much examination and research ever since it entered the economic armamentarium approximately 45 years ago. This was the time when the Second World War had successfully ended for the Allies in the defeat of Germany and Japan. However, a new enemy, the Soviet Union, had materialized at the end of the conflict. To counter the threat from the East, the United States undertook the implementation of the Marshal Plan, which was extremely successful in rebuilding and revitalizing a shattered Western Europe. Aid had made its impact. The book under review is by three well-known economists and is the outcome of a study sponsored by the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development. The major objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of assistance, i.e., aid, on economic development. This evaluation however, was to be based on the existing literature on the subject. The book has five major parts: Part One deals with development thought and development assistance; Part Two looks at the relationship between donors and recipients; Part Three evaluates the use of aid by sector; Part Four presents country case-studies; and Part Five synthesizes the lessons from development assistance. Part One of the book is very informative in that it summarises very concisely the theoretical underpinnings of the aid process. In the beginning, aid was thought to be the answer to underdevelopment which could be achieved by a transfer of capital from the rich to the poor. This approach, however, did not succeed as it was simplistic. Capital transfers were not sufficient in themselves to bring about development, as research in this area came to reveal. The development process is a complicated one, with inputs from all sectors of the economy. Thus, it came to be recognized that factors such as low literacy rates, poor health facilities, and lack of social infrastructure are also responsible for economic backwardness. Part One of the book, therefore, sums up appropriately the various trends in development thought. This is important because the book deals primarily with the issue of the effectiveness of aid as a catalyst to further economic development.

Business model of garment enterprises: a scientometric review

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 1609-1626
Author(s):  
Yuran Jin ◽  
Xiangye Song ◽  
Jinhuan Tang ◽  
Xiaodong Dong ◽  
Huisheng Ji
Keyword(s):  
Conference Proceedings ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Business Models ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Citation Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fast Fashion ◽  
First Time

The research on the business model of garment enterprises (BMGE) has expanded rapidly in the last decade. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive reviews of it, let alone visual research. Based on scientometrics, in this paper 118 papers and their 4803 references from Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index—Science, and Conference Proceedings Citation Index—Social Science & Humanities for the period 2010–2020 about the BMGE were analyzed by visualizing the co-cited references, co-occurrence keywords, burst references, dual-map overlays, and more with CiteSpace, Google Maps, and VOSviewer. The research revealed the intellectual landscapes of the BMGE for the first time and mapped the landmark papers, hotspots and trends, national or regional distributions and their cooperation networks, highly cited authors, and prestigious journals and disciplines related to the BMGE. The results show that the biggest hotspot is the fast fashion business model; social responsibility, smart fashion, Internet of Things, and sharing fashion are the main emerging hotspots; and the research focuses has evolved from traditional business models to business models driven by new technologies, then to new issues such as circular economy models. The institutions are mainly distributed in China, the United States, and Western Europe, and there is cooperation between more than 11 countries. The most popular disciplines are economics and politics, while psychology, education, and social science are the essential basic disciplines. The Journal of Cleaner Production and Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, among others, actively promoted the research.

Chocolate Consumption, Manufacturing and Quality in Western Europe and the United States

Geography ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike C. Alberts ◽  
Julie L. Cidell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States

Labor’s Cold Warriors: The American Federation of Labor and “Free Trade Unionism” in Cold War Japan

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 207-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Gerteis
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Intelligence Agency ◽  
United States Government ◽  
American Federation Of Labor ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
American Federation

AbstractDuring the 1950s, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) led a global covert attempt to suppress left-led labor movements in Western Europe, the Mediterranean, West Africa, Central and South America, and East Asia. American union leaders argued that to survive the Cold War, they had to demonstrate to the United States government that organized labor was not part-and-parcel with Soviet communism. The AFL’s global mission was placed in care of Jay Lovestone, a founding member of the American Communist Party in 1921 and survivor of decades of splits and internecine battles over allegiance to one faction or another in Soviet politics before turning anti-Communist and developing a secret relation with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) after World War II. Lovestone’s idea was that the AFL could prove its loyalty by helping to root out Communists from what he perceived to be a global labor movement dominated by the Soviet Union. He was the CIA’s favorite Communist turned anti-Communist.

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