Artificial Intelligence, Robots and Bioethical Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 140-140
Author(s):  
Renzo Pegoraro ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Prescribe Medication ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Concrete Form ◽  
The World ◽  
Ibm Watson

"The arrival of digital research, where the object of research is transformed into numerical data, makes it possible to study the world and medicine, using new epistemological paradigms. What matters now is only the correlation between two quantities of data, with no concern for any consistent theory that explains such correlation. Today these correlations are used to predict with acceptable accuracy. What seems to be the outcome of this new revolution is the dominance of information, a conceptual labyrinth whose most common definition is based on an equally problematic category-data. The technological evolution of information and of the world seen as a series of data takes its concrete form in artificial intelligence (AI) and in robots. We are now able to construct machines that can make autonomous decisions and coexist with human beings. And in the context of healthcare it is possible to develop diagnostic approach, prescribe medication (see IBM Watson Program) or offer radiosurgery systems like Cyberknife. Contemporary society presents extremely delicate challenges where the most important variable is not intelligence but rather the little time available in which to make a decision. Here, cognitive mechanisms can have important applications. A series of anthropological and bioethical reflections can help to understand the challenges in the healthcare field: “Is it clear how this logic of hyper-individualization, governed by the use of artificial intelligence, will undermine the humanistic need for solidarity in this in deeds and mindset, in favor of private relationships between individuals and organizations?” (E. Sadin). "

scholarly journals A body of evidence : ‘feeling in seeing’ predicts realness judgments for photojournalistic images.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Azevedo ◽  
Raffaele Tucciarelli ◽  
Sophie De Beukelaer ◽  
Klaudia Ambroziak ◽  
Isla Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Affective Arousal ◽  
Cultural Effects ◽  
Alternative Facts ◽  
The World

Photography and photojournalism frame our experience of the world, especially in a culture powered by images at an unprecedented level. Images in the digital age and the era of alternative facts mediate our relations to other human beings and make our negotiation between what is real or fake challenging. We investigated how our visceral responses, as the basis of subjective feelings, influence our relation and responses to the authenticity of photojournalistic images. Higher neurophysiological and affective arousal at the first perception of an image predicted the probability with which participants would judge that image as ‘real’ in a subsequent session. These findings highlight the crucial role that physiology plays in engaging us with imagery, beyond cognitive processing. ‘Feeling in seeing’ seems to be a salient signal that at least partly determines our beliefs in a culture powered by images. By considering at the same time the underlying neural, physiological and cognitive mechanisms that guide our responses to images as well as the contextual cultural effects on how these mechanisms are recruited, these findings contribute to long-standing but still timely and multidisciplinary debates in visual culture.

Applications of Machine Learning in Cyber Security Domain

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sailesh Suryanarayan Iyer ◽  
Sridaran Rajagopal
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
Network Intrusion ◽  
The World ◽  
Applications Of Machine Learning

Knowledge revolution is transforming the globe from traditional society to a technology-driven society. Online transactions have compounded, exposing the world to a new demon called cybercrime. Human beings are being replaced by devices and robots, leading to artificial intelligence. Robotics, image processing, machine vision, and machine learning are changing the lifestyle of citizens. Machine learning contains algorithms which are capable of learning from historical occurrences. This chapter discusses the concept of machine learning, cyber security, cybercrime, and applications of machine learning in cyber security domain. Malware detection and network intrusion are a few areas where machine learning and deep learning can be applied. The authors have also elaborated on the research advancements and challenges in machine learning related to cyber security. The last section of this chapter lists the future trends and directions in machine learning and cyber security.

scholarly journals A Generic Model of the World and Intelligence

10.29007/s6vh ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harris Wang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Generic Model ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
Object Hierarchies

The resurgence of interest in Artificial Intelligence and advances in several fronts of AI, machine learning with neural network in particular, have made us think again about the nature of intelligence, and the existence of a generic model that may be able to capture what human beings have in their mind about the world to empower them to present all kinds of intelligent behaviors. In this paper, we present Constrained Object Hierarchies (COHs) as such a generic model of the world and intelligence. COHs extend the well-known object-oriented paradigm by adding identity constraints, trigger constraints, goal constraints, and some primary methods that can be used by capable beings to accomplish various intelligence, such as deduction, induction, analogy, recognition, construction, learning and many others.In the paper we will first argue the need for such a generic model of the world and intelligence, and then present the generic model in detail, including its important constructs, the primary methods capable beings can use, as well as how different intelligent behaviors can be implemented and achieved with this generic model.

Dialogue and Artificial Intelligence

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edda Weigand
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Game Model ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Holistic Model ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
Learning Machines ◽  
The World ◽  
Modelling Competence

Abstract The article focuses on a few central issues of dialogic competence-in-performance which are still beyond the reach of models of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Learning machines have made an amazing step forward but still face barriers which cannot be crossed yet. Linguistics is still described at the level of Chomsky’s view of language competence. Modelling competence-in-performance requires a holistic model, such as the Mixed Game Model (Weigand 2010), which is capable of addressing the challenge of the ‘architecture of complexity’ (Simon 1962). The complex cannot be ‘the ontology of the world’ (Russell and Norwig 2016). There is no autonomous ontology, no hierarchy of concepts; it is always human beings who perceive the world. ‘Anything’, in the end, depends on the human brain.

scholarly journals Instead of People Using Technology, Technology Is Using People

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Douglas Rushkoff
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

Abstract The progress of artificial intelligence and new technologies triggers hot debates about the future of human life. While fans of the singularity say that artificial intelligence will become smarter than human beings and should take over the world, for others, such a vision is a sheer nightmare. Douglas Rushkoff is clearly part of the second group and takes a passionate pro-human stance. He explains why giving too much way to technologies is a mistake and why humans deserve a place in the digital future. Already today, technologies have a much stronger impact on our lives than most of us would believe. For him, being human is a team sport, and he asks for a more conscious use of technologies while keeping rapport with other people. To safeguard the humanness in a tech world, he advises to carefully select the values we embed in our algorithms. Rather than serving perpetual growth, technologies ought to help people reconnect with each other and their physical surroundings.

Artificial Intelligence as a Cultural Problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-241
Author(s):  
Tatiana S. Akhromeeva ◽  
Georgy G. Malinetsky ◽  
Sergey A. Posashkov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cultural Space ◽  
Rational Space ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Catastrophe ◽  
Post Industrial

We are currently experiencing a revolution associated with the rapid development and widespread introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. This process provides great opportunities and is associated with great risks. It has become an important factor in geoeconomics and geopolitics, an arena for superpower rivalry.Human being exists in rational, emotional and intuitive spaces. The last three centuries have been associated with the development of rational space. We know little about the emotional space and know almost nothing about the intuitive one. These areas of cognition of the world are associated with art, artistic and social creativity, with philosophy. In the 21st century, the role of these areas will grow. There is a transition now happening from the industrial phase of the civilization development to the post-industrial one, from the world of machines to the world of people. Therefore, attempts to reduce human activity to the rational solving of problems, to replace human in many areas with artificial intelligence, will be a step backward, into the past, and not forward, into the future.The response to the challenge associated with the AI development, with the rapid spread of computer technologies, should be given, first of all, in the cultural space, in the area of meanings and values. It is necessary to rethink the essence and limitations of people, the nature of the tools that they can create, and those that should be abandoned. This is about redefining the capabilities of human beings and their place in the world, as well as about fundamental changes in the organization of society. The article shows that the strategy of “irresponsible gods” and entrusting AI with the “last issues” can bring us to a global catastrophe. However, conscious using of the opening opportunities can help humanity reach a new, higher level. And the choice between these alternatives is now being made in the cultural space.

Importance of Technology in the Days of Coronavirus Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Madhura Kartik Naidu
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Current Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Levels

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only affected the common man's life, but it has also affected many science, space, and technology institutions and government agencies all over the world. It has also resulted in reduced productivity of human beings and affected several organizations and government programs. The normal life of human beings came under a lot of restrictions and pressure due to lockdown. Many people lost their jobs and suffered financially as well as emotionally. The contribution of science and technology in this period of coronavirus crisis is key for facing current health challenges. Technological fields like data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence have majorly contributed towards COVID-19. The present study aims to discuss the advancement and importance of technology used worldwide to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic at different levels.

scholarly journals Experiences and Insights for Collaborative Industry-Academic Research in Artificial Intelligence

AI Magazine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
Lisa Amini ◽  
Ching-Hua Chen ◽  
David Cox ◽  
Aude Oliva ◽  
Antonio Torralba
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Higher Education ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Massachusetts Institute ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Ibm Watson ◽  
Institute Of Technology

The factors that define and influence the success of industry–academic research in artificial intelligence have evolved significantly in the last decade. In this article, we consider what success means from both sides of a collaboration and offer our perspectives on how to approach the opportunities and challenges that come with achieving success. These perspectives are grounded on the recent and significant investments that have been made between IBM and several higher education institutions around the world, including IBM’s Artificial Intelligence Horizons Network, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology–IBM Watson Artificial Intelligence Lab, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Quest for Intelligence.

Mind and Machine

Mind Shift ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 396-410
Author(s):  
John Parrington
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Technologies

This chapter explores how future technologies might impact on human consciousness. It begins by discussing how new techniques are continuing to add to the understanding of the human mind. There are many exciting technologies available now to the neuroscientist, such as genomic analysis, optogenetics, gene editing, and brain organoids. To what extent could such technologies be used to investigate the model of human consciousness outlined in this book? The chapter then considers whether artificial intelligence might come to rival that of human beings, and possible interfaces between human and machine intelligence. Our growing ability to develop functioning robots raises the question of whether an artificial human brain might be used to control such a robot, creating in effect a cyborg. However, the creation of such an entity could make a big difference in terms of an artificial brain’s sense of identity in the world, as well as its rights.

Genes and Machines

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-69
Author(s):  
Jason Blakely
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Square ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
The World ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Computing Machines

The notion that human beings are simply sophisticated robots or computing machines has spread widely across society in the last several decades. This claim has a basis in a popular theory of cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence advanced by academics and bestselling authors such as Steven Pinker. Anxiety about a robot takeover of society is increasingly debated in the public square by the likes of Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg. But this view has also affected how modern people think of their experiences of depression (leading to the overprescription of antidepressants) and even their sense of political identity. Many people today believe their identities are completely determined by a machine-like coding in their genes. This can lead to both private and public forms of despair over the human ability to substantively change the world.

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