scholarly journals The Stratigraphy and Structure of the Madamar-Salakh-Qusaybah Range and Natif-Fahud Area in the Oman Mountains

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Hanna ◽  
J.D. Smewing
Keyword(s):  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Void Space ◽  
The South ◽  
Oman Mountains ◽  
Oil Flow ◽  
Structural Growth ◽  
Positive Feature

Melanges and debris flows with clasts derived from the top of the Natih Formation found in shales in the base of the Aruma Group indicate that a period of Structural growth on the platform took place during Aruma deposition in the Late Cretaceous. In this respect the platform in the Jebel Salakh area may have undergone a similar period of structural growth in the Late Cretaceous to the Fahud area where a syn-Aruma normal fault down throwing to the South accounts for a difference in the stratigraphic thickness of the Aruma of 1 km. A younger series of debris flows in the Aruma of the Sufrat al Khays area to the South of Jehel Salakh is dated as Campanian/Maastrichtian. The clasts in these flows were derived exclusively from the Simsima limestones. Natih-derived elasts are conspicuously absent. This is taken to indicate that the Madamar-Salakh Qusaybah range was covered by Aruma sediments at this time and did not form the distinctive positive feature seen at present - i.e. Madamar-Salakh-Qusaybah range folding though partly Late Cretaceous is mainly Post-Manslrichtian in age. This Post Maastrichtian event in the Madamar-Salakh-Qusaybah range produced a series of doubly-plunging anticlines in the Cretaceous strata- These folds show a high degree of brittle extension in the form of normal faults and extensional fractures, The faults are delineated by fault gouge with visibly interconnected void space. In the subsurface, if such fractures were developed in a fold closure similar to those seen at the surface in the Madamar-Salakh-Qusaybah range. then they could provide preferred conduits for oil flow and the harrier to fluid flow provided by the Aruma shale seal could lead to a hydrocarbon accumulation.

scholarly journals Late Cretaceous to Paleogene post-obduction extension and subsequent Neogene compression in the Oman Mountains

GeoArabia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Fournier ◽  
Claude Lepvrier ◽  
Philippe Razin ◽  
Laurent Jolivet
Keyword(s):  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Zagros Mountains ◽  
Lower Eocene ◽  
Oman Mountains ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arabian Platform

ABSTRACT After the obduction of the Semail ophiolitic nappe onto the Arabian Platform in the Late Cretaceous, north Oman underwent several phases of extension before being affected by compression in the framework of the Arabia-Eurasia convergence. A tectonic survey, based on structural analysis of fault-slip data in the post-nappe units of the Oman Mountains, allowed us to identify major events of the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectonic history of northern Oman. An early ENE-WSW extensional phase is indicated by synsedimentary normal faults in the Upper Cretaceous to lower Eocene formations. This extensional phase, which immediately followed ductile extension and exhumation of high-pressure rocks in the Saih Hatat region of the Oman Mountains, is associated with large-scale normal faulting in the northeast Oman margin and the development of the Abat Basin. A second extensional phase, recorded in lower Oligocene formations and only documented by minor structures, is characterized by NNE (N20°E) and NW (N150°E) oriented extensions. It is interpreted as the far-field effect of the Oligocene-Miocene rifting in the Gulf of Aden. A late E-W to NE-SW directed compressional phase started in the late Oligocene or early Miocene, shortly after the collision in the Zagros Mountains. It is attested by folding, and strike-slip and reverse faulting in the Cenozoic series. The direction of compression changed from ENE-WSW in the Early Miocene to almost N-S in the Pliocene.

Exhumation history of the Lomas de Olmedo basin: constraining multi-phase deformation using low-temperature thermochronology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willemijn S.M.T. van Kooten ◽  
Edward R. Sobel ◽  
Cecilia del Papa ◽  
Patricio Payrola ◽  
Alejandro Bande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Fault Reactivation ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Rift Basin ◽  
The South ◽  
Northern Margin

<p>The Cretaceous period in NW Argentina is dominated by the formation of the Salta rift basin, an intracontinental rift basin with multiple branches extending from the central Salta-Jujuy High. One of these branches is the ENE-WSW striking Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin, which hosts up to 5 km of syn- and post-rift deposits of the Salta Group, accommodated by substantial throw along SW-NE striking normal faults and subsequent thermal subsidence during the Cretaceous-Paleogene. Early compressive movement in the Eastern Cordillera led to the formation of a foreland basin setting that was further dissected in the Neogene by the uplift of basement-cored ranges. As a consequence, the northwestern part of the Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin was disconnected from the Andean foreland and local depocenters such as the Cianzo basin were formed, whereas the eastern sub-basin area is still part of the Andean foreland. Thus, the majority of the Salta Group to the east is located in the subsurface and has been extensively explored for petroleum, while in northwestern part of the sub-basin, the Salta Group is increasingly deformed and is fully exposed in the km-scale Cianzo syncline of the Hornocal ranges. The SW-NE striking Hornocal fault delimits the Cianzo basin to the south and the Cianzo syncline to the north. During the Cretaceous, it formed the northern margin of the Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin, which is indicated by an increasing thickness of the syn-rift deposits towards the Hornocal fault, as well as a lack of syn-rift deposits on the footwall block. Structural mapping and unpublished apatite fission track (AFT) data show that the Hornocal normal fault was reactivated and inverted during the Miocene. Although structural and sedimentary features of the Cianzo basin infill provide information about the relative timing of fault activity, there is a lack of low-temperature thermochronology. Herein, we aim to constrain the exhumation of the Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin during the Cretaceous rifting phase, as well as the onset and magnitude of fault reactivation in the Miocene. We collected 74 samples for low-temperature thermochronology along two major NW-SE transects in the Cianzo basin and adjacent areas. Of these samples, 59 have been analyzed using apatite and/or zircon (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology (AHe, ZHe). Furthermore, 49 samples have been prepared for AFT analysis. The ages are incorporated in thermo-kinematic modelling using Pecube in order to test the robustness of uplift and exhumation scenarios. On the hanging wall block of the N-S striking east-vergent Cianzo thrust north of the Hornocal fault, Jurassic ZHe ages are attributed to pre-Salta Group exhumation. However, associated thrusts to the south show ZHe ages as young as Eocene-Oligocene, which might indicate early post-rift activity along those thrusts. AHe data from the Cianzo syncline show a direct age-elevation relationship with Late Miocene-Pliocene cooling ages, indicating the onset of rapid exhumation along the Hornocal fault in the Miocene. This is consistent with regional data and suggests that pre-existing extensional structures were reactivated during Late Miocene-Pliocene compressive movement within this part of the Central Andes.</p>

Alpine tectonic evolution of the Northern Serbo-Macedonian sub-unit: inferences from kinematic and petrological investigations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Kostić ◽  
Uroš Stojadinović ◽  
Nemanja Krstekanić ◽  
Marija Ružić ◽  
Aleksa Luković
Keyword(s):  
Continental Margin ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Pannonian Basin ◽  
Oceanic Lithosphere ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Neogene Sediments ◽  
Subduction System

<p>The Serbo-Macedonian Massif represents a belt of medium to lower amphibolite facies metamorphics situated along the European continental margin between the Pannonian Basin in the north and the Aegean Sea in the south. Structurally, it comprises the innermost segments of the Dacia mega-unit of the European affinity and is juxtaposed against the Adria-derived units of the Dinarides across the Adria-Europe zone of collision. The peak metamorphic event in the Serbo-Macedonian Massif is Variscan in age, while its magmatism had a complex pre-Alpine evolution, with the youngest stage being related to the crustal extension during the Triassic opening of the northern branch of Neotethys Ocean (or the Vardar Ocean). The subsequent Late Jurassic–Paleogene closure of the Vardar Ocean led to the E-ward subduction of the Neotethys oceanic lithosphere beneath the upper European plate (i.e., the Sava subduction system). The retreating and steepening of subducting lithosphere during the Late Cretaceous triggered syn-subductional extension in the upper plate of the Sava subduction system. The Late Cretaceous extension exhumed and structurally juxtaposed<strong> </strong>the high-grade Serbo-Macedonian metamorphics against the low-grade metamorphics of the Carpathians Supragetic Unit. The contact is marked by the E-dipping shear zone that can be traced along the eastern margin of Serbo-Macedonian Massif, from the Vršac Mts in the north, across the Jastrebac Mts and further towards the south in the Central Serbo-Macedonian sub-unit of south-eastern Serbia. The Late Cretaceous extension exhumed the Serbo-Macedonian metamorphic core, concurrently creating subsidence in a forearc basin along the frontal part of the European continental margin.</p><p>Due to its unique position in the interference zone of the two retreating Carpathian and Dinaridic slabs, the Northern Serbo-Macedonian sub-unit between the Vršac Mts in the north and the Jastrebac Mts in the south was strongly influenced by processes associated with the Oligocene–Miocene Pannonian extension. Hence, large segments of the Northern Serbo-Macedonian sub-unit including its contact with the Supragetic Unit were buried beneath the Neogene sediments of the Morava Valley Corridor, as the southern prolongation of the Pannonian Basin. In order to segregate and quantify the effects of the Oligocene–Miocene extension we have conducted a coupled kinematic, petrological and thermochronological study in the segments of Northern Serbo-Macedonian sub-unit adjacent to the Dinarides and Carpathians. The recent tectonic uplift of the Vršac Mts occurred in the Middle to Late Miocene along the WSW-dipping normal faults that control deposition in the adjacent Zagajica depression. The ENE-WSW oriented extension, which was triggered by the retreat of Carpathian slab, exhumed the core of the mountains and exposed the Late Cretaceous Serbo-Macedonian\Supragetic extensional contact. South from the Vršac Mts such exhumation was hampered by the presence of rigid Moesian indenter. Tectonic exhumation of the Jastrebac Mts, together with a cluster of Serbo-Macedonian gneiss domes that emerge from the surrounding Neogene sediments in the western-central part of the Morava Valley Corridor, was induced by corrugated detachment faults during the Oligocene–Miocene E-W oriented Dinaridic extension.</p>

scholarly journals Evolution of fractures in a highly dynamic thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical system - (II) Remote sensing fracture analysis, Jabal Shams, Oman Mountains

GeoArabia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Holland ◽  
Nishank Saxena ◽  
Janos L. Urai
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Image ◽  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Mechanical Anisotropy ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
High Pressure Cell ◽  
Oman Mountains

ABSTRACT Extensive, very high quality outcrops on the southern flank of Jabal Shams, Oman Mountains, expose the complex fracture and fault network of an exhumed high-pressure cell. Veins are filled with white calcite in grey host rock, allowing 0.7 meter-resolution mapping based on satellite image interpretation, followed by ground-truthing with detailed field observation in selected areas. From Quickbird and Landsat data, a model was developed using interpreted 562 faults and 145,000 fractures in an area of 31 km2; the area of a typical 3-D seismic survey but with one hundred times higher resolution. Four generations of veins, with strikes of 130°, 000°, 090° and 045°, are overprinted by normal faults with wide cemented damage zones and offsets up to 500 m. Veins are generally a few 10s of meters long, and lack signs of strong mechanical interactions such as curving or abutting. This suggests a restoration of the bulk strength during the formation of the joints, and an anticlockwise rotation of permeability anisotropy during progressive fracturing. The spatial density of all cemented fractures is rather homogenous, but the spatial density within individual joint sets is heterogeneous, suggesting patchy fracturing during the different evolutionary stages. A weak mechanical anisotropy, caused by the veins, affects the nucleation and evolution of the anastomosing normal fault system that overprints the cemented joints.

scholarly journals Extentional Fault Pada Daerah Compressive Tectonic Zone Sebagai Batas Cekungan Di Jawa Tengah Selatan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Asmoro Widagdo ◽  
Aang Panji Permana
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
The South ◽  
Tectonic Zone ◽  
Fault Structure ◽  
Extensional Structure ◽  
Volcanic Facies ◽  
Compression Area

The extensional structure as a normal fault could be found in many places at the southern part of Java compressive tectonic regime. The research area is in the eastern part of the South Serayu Mountains. This normal fault structure is the boundary of the South Serayu Mountains at the eastern part with Kulon Progo Tertiary volcanic Mountains. In the field, these normal fault lineament zones create the Bogowonto river as a boundary of two different geological styles. The influence of this structure on the geological dynamic of the South Serayu Mountains and the Kulon Progo Mountains is important to be explained. The study was conducted by measuring and analyzing fault data and lithology that developed in the area around the two basins boundary. The distribution of the Kulon Progo volcanic rocks indicates the presence of the extensional fault structure. The volcanic facies distribution of the volcano is cut and becomes narrow in the west, while the northward is very wide. Normal fault striations analysis on the fault plane along the fault line shows the least stress trending west-northwest that has worked to create North-South normal faults. The fault-controlled by stress with the vertical main compression area. They have worked to create North Northeast-South Southwest (NNE-SSW) normal faults with westward dipping.

The Late Cretaceous magmatic arc of the south Aegean: Geodynamic implications from petrological and geochemical studies of granitoids from Anafi island (Cyclades – Greece)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Petros Koutsovitis ◽  
Konstantinos Soukis ◽  
Panagiotis Voudouris ◽  
Stylianos Lozios ◽  
Theodoros Ntaflos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
The South ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Geochemical Studies

The 4 December 2015 Mw 7.1 Normal-Faulting Antarctic Plate Earthquake and Its Seismotectonic Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 1090-1100
Author(s):  
Ronia Andrews ◽  
Kusala Rajendran ◽  
N. Purnachandra Rao
Keyword(s):  
Body Wave ◽  
Focal Depth ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Oceanic Plate ◽  
Normal Faulting ◽  
Transform Faults ◽  
Wave Inversion ◽  
Spreading Ridges ◽  
Southeast Indian Ridge

ABSTRACT Oceanic plate seismicity is generally dominated by normal and strike-slip faulting associated with active spreading ridges and transform faults. Fossil structural fabrics inherited from spreading ridges also host earthquakes. The Indian Oceanic plate, considered quite active seismically, has hosted earthquakes both on its active and fossil fault systems. The 4 December 2015 Mw 7.1 normal-faulting earthquake, located ∼700  km south of the southeast Indian ridge in the southern Indian Ocean, is a rarity due to its location away from the ridge, lack of association with any mapped faults and its focal depth close to the 800°C isotherm. We present results of teleseismic body-wave inversion that suggest that the earthquake occurred on a north-northwest–south-southeast-striking normal fault at a depth of 34 km. The rupture propagated at 2.7  km/s with compact slip over an area of 48×48  km2 around the hypocenter. Our analysis of the background tectonics suggests that our chosen fault plane is in the same direction as the mapped normal faults on the eastern flanks of the Kerguelen plateau. We propose that these buried normal faults, possibly the relics of the ancient rifting might have been reactivated, leading to the 2015 midplate earthquake.

scholarly journals Polyphase evolution of Pelagonia (northern Greece) revealed by geological and fission-track data

Solid Earth ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Schenker ◽  
M. G. Fellin ◽  
J.-P. Burg
Keyword(s):  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Fission Track ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Recent Sediment ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Rapid Cooling ◽  
Fission Track Ages ◽  
Pelagonian Zone

Abstract. The Pelagonian zone, situated between the External Hellenides/Cyclades to the west and the Axios/Vardar/Almopias zone (AVAZ) and the Rhodope to the east, was involved in late Early Cretaceous and in Late Cretaceous–Eocene orogenic events whose duration and extent are still controversial. This paper constrains their late thermal imprints. New and previously published zircon (ZFT) and apatite (AFT) fission-track ages show cooling below 240 °C of the metamorphic western AVAZ imbricates between 102 and 93–90 Ma, of northern Pelagonia between 86 and 68 Ma, of the eastern AVAZ at 80 Ma and of the western Rhodope at 72 Ma. At the regional scale, this heterogeneous cooling is coeval with subsidence of Late Cretaceous marine basin(s) that unconformably covered the Early Cretaceous (130–110 Ma) thrust system from 100 Ma. Thrusting resumed at 70 Ma in the AVAZ and migrated across Pelagonia to reach the External Hellenides at 40–38 Ma. Renewed thrusting in Pelagonia is attested at 68 Ma by abrupt and rapid cooling below 240 °C and erosion of the gneissic rocks. ZFT and AFT in western and eastern Pelagonia, respectively, testify at ~40 Ma to the latest thermal imprint related to thrusting. Central-eastern Pelagonia cooled rapidly and uniformly from 240 to 80 °C between 24 and 16 Ma in the footwall of a major extensional fault. Extension started even earlier, at ~33 Ma in the western AVAZ. Post-7 Ma rapid cooling is inferred from inverse modeling of AFT lengths. It occurred while E–W normal faults were cutting Pliocene-to-recent sediment.

Mesozoic Tectonic Setting of SE Sundaland After Magmatism and Suture Evidences in JS-1 Ridge Area

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Early Jurassic ◽  
The South ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Plate Convergence ◽  
Ridge Area ◽  
Cretaceous Subduction

Mesozoic plate convergence in SE Sundaland has been a source of debate for decades. A determination of plate convergence boundaries and timing have been explained in many publications, but not all boundaries were associated with magmatism. Through integration of both plate configurations and magmatic deposits, the basement can be accurately characterized over time and areal extents. This paper will discuss Cretaceous subductions and magmatic arc trends in SE Sundaland area with additional evidence found in JS-1 Ridge. At least three subduction trends are captured during the Mesozoic in the study area: 1) Early Jurassic – Early Cretaceous trend of Meratus, 2) Early Cretaceous trend of Bantimala and 3) Late Cretaceous trend in the southernmost study area. The Early Jurassic – Early Cretaceous subduction occurred along the South and East boundary of Sundaland (SW Borneo terrane) and passes through the Meratus area. The Early Cretaceous subduction occurred along South and East boundary of Sundaland (SW Borneo and Paternoster terranes) and pass through the Bantimala area. The Late Cretaceous subduction occurred along South and East boundary of Sundaland (SW Borneo, Paternoster and SE Java – South Sulawesi terranes), but is slightly shifted to the South approaching the Oligocene – Recent subduction zone. Magmatic arc trends can also be generally grouped into three periods, with each period corresponds to the subduction processes at the time. The first magmatic arc (Early Jurassic – Early Cretaceous) is present in core of SW Borneo terrane and partly produces the Schwaner Magmatism. The second Cretaceous magmatic arc (Early Cretaceous) trend is present in the SW Borneo terrane but is slightly shifted southeastward It is responsible for magmatism in North Java offshore, northern JS-1 Ridge and Meratus areas. The third magmatic arc trend is formed by Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks in Luk Ulo, the southern JS-1 Ridge and the eastern Makassar Strait areas. These all occur during the same time within the Cretaceous magmatic arc. Though a mélange rock sample has not been found in JS-1 Ridge area, there is evidence of an accretionary prism in the area as evidenced by the geometry observed on a new 3D seismic dataset. Based on the structural trend of Meratus (NNE-SSW) coupled with the regional plate boundary understanding, this suggests that both Meratus & JS-1 Ridge are part of the same suture zone between SW Borneo and Paternoster terranes. The gradual age transition observed in the JS-1 Ridge area suggests a southward shift of the magmatic arc during Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous times.

scholarly journals Development of fault and vein networks in a carbonate sequence near Hayl al-Shaz, Oman Mountains

GeoArabia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-136
Author(s):  
Simon Virgo ◽  
Max Arndt ◽  
Zoé Sobisch ◽  
Janos L. Urai
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Oman Mountains ◽  
Bedding Planes ◽  
Fracture Systems ◽  
Calcite Veins ◽  
Al Jabal Al Akhdar

ABSTRACT We present a high-resolution structural study on the dip slope of the southern flank of Jabal Shams in the central Oman Mountains. The objectives of the study were: (1) to test existing satellite-based interpretations of structural elements in the area; (2) prepare an accurate geological map; and (3) collect an extensive structural dataset of fault and bedding planes, fault throws, veins and joints. These data are compared with existing models of tectonic evolution in the Oman Mountains and the subsurface, and used to assess the applicability of these structures as analogs for fault and fracture systems in subsurface carbonate reservoirs in Oman. The complete exposure of clean rock incised by deep wadis allowed detailed mapping of the complex fault, vein and joint system hosted by Member 3 of the Cretaceous Kahmah Group. The member was divided into eight units for mapping purposes, in about 100 m of vertical stratigraphy. The map was almost exclusively based on direct field observations. It includes measurement of fault throw in many locations and the construction of profiles, which are accurate to within a few meters. Ground-truthing of existing satellite-based interpretations of structural elements showed that faults can be mapped with high confidence using remote-sensing data. The faults range into the subseismic scale with throws as little as a few decimeters. However, the existing interpretation of lineaments as cemented fractures was shown to be incorrect: the majority of these are open fractures formed along reactivated veins. The most prominent structure in the study area is a conjugate set of ESE-striking faults with throws resolvable from several centimeters to hundreds of meters. These faults contain bundles of coarse-grained calcite veins, which may be brecciated during reactivation. We interpret these faults to be a conjugate normal- to oblique fault set, which was rotated together with bedding during the folding of the Al Jabal al-Akhdar anticline. There are many generations of calcite veins with minor offset and at high-angle-to-bedding, sometimes in en-echelon sets. Analysis of clear overprinting relationships between veins at high-angle-to-bedding is consistent with the interpretations of Holland et al. (2009a); however we interpret the anticlockwise rotation of vein strike orientation to start before and end after the normal faulting. The normal faults post-date the bedding-parallel shear veins in the study area. Thus these faults formed after the emplacement of the Semail and Hawasina Nappes. They were previously interpreted to be of the same age as the regional normal- to oblique-slip faults in the subsurface of northern Oman and the United Arab Emirates, which evolved during the early deposition of the Campanian Fiqa Formation as proposed by Filbrandt et al. (2006). We interpret them also to be coeval with the Phase I extension of Fournier et al. (2006). The reactivation of these faults and the evolution of new veins was followed by folding of the Al Jabal al-Akhdar anticline and final uplift and jointing by reactivation of pre-existing microveins. Thus the faults in the study area are of comparable kinematics and age as those in the subsurface. However they formed at much greater depth and fluid pressures, so that direct use of these structures as analogs for fault and fracture systems in subsurface reservoirs in Oman should be undertaken with care.

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