scholarly journals Effect of Annealing Treatment on the Anisotropy Behavior of Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Sheets

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Zainulabdeen ◽  
Jabbar H. Mohmmed ◽  
Najmuldeen Y. Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Planar Anisotropy ◽  
Normal Anisotropy ◽  
Stainless Steel 304 ◽  
Cold Rolled

Anisotropy of materials has harmful effects during deep drawing operations and reduce it will strongly enhance the productivity and quality of deep drawing yields. In this work the effect of annealing treatment on texture and anisotropy behavior of cold rolled stainless steel 304 sheets were investigated. Uniaxial tensile test samples cut at 0o, 45o and 90o to the rolling direction were prepared in order to measure the anisotropy parameters (normal anisotropy, r_n, and planar anisotropy, ∆r). Two annealing temperatures (1050, and 1150) °C were used to study their effects on anisotropy behavior. The results show that the normal anisotropy value of annealed samples at 1150°C increases by (31%) as compared to the received samples. This indicates that the annealed samples at 1150 °C have the highest formability. Also, results show significant reduction (about 88.7%) in planar anisotropy value for 1150°C annealed samples. This gave rise to an increase in deep drawing yield

Effect of specimen orientation to the rolling direction on uniaxial tensile forming and failure limits

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (13) ◽  
pp. 1598-1603
Author(s):  
Puja Ghosal ◽  
Surajit Kumar Paul
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Dual Phase Steel ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Planar Anisotropy

Alteration of forming and failure limits due to planar anisotropy of the sheet metal significantly affects the safe forming operation region and finally successfully manufacturing of a sheet metal formed component. This article presents the effect of planar anisotropy on uniaxial tensile properties, forming and failure limits of cold-rolled ferritic and dual-phase steels. In-situ three dimensional digital image correlation technique is used to measure the evolution of local strain components during uniaxial tensile test. For both the steels, necking limit is highest for the specimen at an orientation of 90° to rolling direction, while failure limit is highest for those specimen whose orientation is 45° to rolling direction for ferritic steel, and both 0° and 90° to rolling direction for dual-phase steel. Uniaxial tensile deformation path for ferritic steel holds lower slope than dual-phase steel as depicted in major versus minor strain plot.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ASYMMETRIC ROLLING ON FORMABILITY OF PURE ALUMINIUM

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swagata Dutta ◽  
M. S. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Test ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Pure Aluminium ◽  
Anisotropy Coefficient ◽  
Asymmetric Rolling ◽  
Planar Anisotropy ◽  
Normal Anisotropy ◽  
Loading Direction ◽  
Anisotropic Coefficient

Uniaxial tensile test was carried out at different loading direction (0o, 90o and 45o) on rolled aluminiumsheets. The anisotropic coefficient was analyzed to reveal formability characteristics. The shear strain that wasimposed during the ASR was extensive and the shear marks was inclined more or less linearly without beingzigzag or spiral lines. The ASRC improved the normal anisotropy coefficient compared to CR specimens. Thehighest normal anisotropy and the lowest planar anisotropy were observed by ASRC samples. Therefore, it wasfound that, asymmetric rolling especially ASRC can be used to improve the formability of aluminium thick sheets.

Investigation on Earing Behavior of AA 2024-T4 and AA 5754-O Aluminum Alloys

2011 ◽  
Vol 264-265 ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mevlut Turkoz ◽  
Murat Dilmec ◽  
Huseyin Selcuk Halkaci
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloys ◽  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Sheet Metals ◽  
Planar Anisotropy ◽  
Sheet Plane ◽  
Normal Anisotropy ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Aa 2024 ◽  
The Way

Deep drawn parts usually have different wall heights because of earing behavior. This behavior is due to the planar anisotropy (Δr) of sheet metals. A measure of the variation of normal anisotropy with the angel to the rolling direction in sheet plane is known as planar anisotropy. If the magnitude of the planar anisotropy is relatively large as absolute value, the earing behavior becomes more effective so larger ears occur. Furthermore, the orientation of the sheet with respect to the die or the part to be formed will be important. In addition, cutting of scraps in the parts which have ears leads to material waste. The scope of this study is to determine the planar anisotropy of AA 5754-O and AA 2024-T4 aluminum alloys and to investigate the earing behavior by the way of deep drawing of cylindrical cups.

Effect of Planar Anisotropy and Tension-Compression Asymmetry of CP-Ti on its Deep Drawing Behavior at Room Temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 913 ◽  
pp. 190-195
Author(s):  
Yong Gang Hao ◽  
Peng Lin ◽  
Bao You Zhang ◽  
Xiao Lei Cui ◽  
Chang Jiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
Planar Anisotropy ◽  
Tension And Compression ◽  
Cp Ti ◽  
Tension Compression Asymmetry

The planar anisotropy (PA) and tension-compression asymmetry (TCA) of the commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) were investigated through uniaxial tension and compression experiments at room temperature. By deep drawing experiment, the formability and the earing profile for the CP-Ti were studied at room temperature. The deep drawing simulations using the hardening rules of uniaxial tensile or compression curves were compared with experimental results. The results show that the CP-Ti has obvious PA, and the plastic strain ratiosr0,r45andr90are 1.47, 1.64 and 2.05, respectively. The CP-Ti sheet shows the tension-compression asymmetry of yielding and hardening. The TCA also shows obvious PA. The tension-compression yield strength ratio of 0°, 45° and 90° to the rolling direction are 1.12, 1.08, 1.04, and the tension-compression hardening exponent ratio are 0.86, 0.8 and 0.62, respectively. The simulative results without considering TCA indicate that the forming force, the wall thickness and earing profile are not in good agreement with the experimental ones. Therefore, the earing appeared in 45° is contribution of the PA and TCA. The TCA will reduce the thickness of the deep drawing parts, increase the earing ratio and affect the drawing force.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Stainless Steel 316L Lattice Structures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carraturo ◽  
G. Alaimo ◽  
S. Marconi ◽  
E. Negrello ◽  
E. Sgambitterra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Lattice Structures ◽  
Stainless Steel 316L ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Octet Truss

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM), and in particular selective laser melting (SLM) technology, allows to produce structural components made of lattice structures. These kinds of structures have received a lot of research attention over recent years due to their capacity to generate easy-to-manufacture and lightweight components with enhanced mechanical properties. Despite a large amount of work available in the literature, the prediction of the mechanical behavior of lattice structures is still an open issue for researchers. Numerical simulations can help to better understand the mechanical behavior of such a kind of structure without undergoing long and expensive experimental campaigns. In this work, we compare numerical and experimental results of a uniaxial tensile test for stainless steel 316L octet-truss lattice specimen. Numerical simulations are based on both the nominal as-designed geometry and the as-build geometry obtained through the analysis of µ-CT images. We find that the use of the as-build geometry is fundamental for an accurate prediction of the mechanical behavior of lattice structures.

scholarly journals Coupled Thermomechanical Response Measurement of Deformation of Nickel-Based Superalloys Using Full-Field Digital Image Correlation and Infrared Thermography

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2163
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Żaba ◽  
Tomasz Trzepieciński ◽  
Sandra Puchlerska ◽  
Piotr Noga ◽  
Maciej Balcerzak
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Response Measurement ◽  
Sheet Rolling ◽  
Inconel Alloys ◽  
The Relationship

The paper is devoted to highlighting the potential application of the quantitative imaging technique through results associated with work hardening, strain rate and heat generated during elastic and plastic deformation. The aim of the research presented in this article is to determine the relationship between deformation in the uniaxial tensile test of samples made of 1-mm-thick nickel-based superalloys and their change in temperature during deformation. The relationship between yield stress and the Taylor–Quinney coefficient and their change with the strain rate were determined. The research material was 1-mm-thick sheets of three grades of Inconel alloys: 625 HX and 718. The Aramis (GOM GmbH, a company of the ZEISS Group) measurement system and high-sensitivity infrared thermal imaging camera were used for the tests. The uniaxial tensile tests were carried out at three different strain rates. A clear tendency to increase the sample temperature with an increase in the strain rate was observed. This conclusion applies to all materials and directions of sample cutting investigated with respect to the sheet-rolling direction. An almost linear correlation was found between the percent strain and the value of the maximum surface temperature of the specimens. The method used is helpful in assessing the extent of homogeneity of the strain and the material effort during its deformation based on the measurement of the surface temperature.

scholarly journals Influencia de la anisotropia en la formabilidad de acero inoxidable 439

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Salgado-Lopez ◽  
José Luis Ojeda-Elizarrarás ◽  
José Trinidad Pérez-Quiroz ◽  
Hector Javier Vergara-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Ferritic Stainless Steel ◽  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Chemical Analysis ◽  
Normal Anisotropy ◽  
Automotive Components ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
R Value

This work shows the influence of the normal anisotropy (“r” value) in the deep drawing of AISI 439 ferritic stainless steel sheets. In order to do so, quantitative chemical analysis, metallographic analysis, tensile mechanical properties, and the determination of the “r” value and the “n” value were carried out in two different AISI 439 steel sheets of two different suppliers. In recent years, this ferritic stainless steel has been applied in a deep drawing process of automotive components. In this way, it must be said that one of these ferritic stainless steel sheets cracked due to exhaustion of formability during deep drawing after few steps. On the other hand, the second ferritic stainless steel sheet showed neither cracking nor other type of defects. The results of the tests, which were carried out in this work, probed that the“r” value has a strong influence on the forming behaviour of ferritic steel during deep drawing. This information is very relevant because the AISI 439 standard does not consider the planar anisotropy or the strain hardening coefficient as relevant for designation, but this type of steel is being applied in many forming operations of different components.

scholarly journals Anisotropic Behavior of Al1050 through Accumulative Roll Bonding

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 6910
Author(s):  
Sasan Sattarpanah Karganroudi ◽  
Bahman Nasab ◽  
Davood Rahmatabadi ◽  
Mina Ahmadi ◽  
Mohammad Gholami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Test ◽  
Accumulative Roll Bonding ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Annealed Sample ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Anisotropic Behavior ◽  
Normal Anisotropy ◽  
Roll Bonding ◽  
Pole Figures

In this study, Al1050 sheets were fabricated in five passes using the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) technique. For a more accurate and complete investigation, different tests were used, including a uniaxial tensile test. The results show that elongation increases about 50% for the annealed sample, which is 2.5 times that of the fifth pass (20%). A five-fold increase can be seen in tensile strength, which was 50 MPa in the annealed sample and reached 250 MPa at the end of the fifth pass. The annealed sample’s yield stress was 40 MPa, 4.5 times less than 180 MPa after five passes of ARB. Then, to evaluate sample hardness, the Vickers microhardness test was conducted in the samples’ depth direction, which recorded 39 HV for the annealed piece and 68 HV after the last ARB pass. These results show that the hardness increases by 1.8 times after five passes of ARB. In the next step, by conducting fractography tests after the sample fractures during the tensile test, the fracture’s mechanism and type were identified and explained. Finally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to produce pole figures of sample texture, and the anisotropy phenomena of the annealed sample and ARBed samples were wholly examined. In this study, with the help of pole figures, the anisotropic behavior after ARB was investigated and analyzed. In each step of the process, observing the samples’ texture states and the anisotropy magnificent was possible. According to the results, normal anisotropy of 0.6 in the annealed sample and 1.8 achieved after the fifth pass of ARB indicates that ARB leads to an increase in anisotropy.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Assessment of the Hot Sheet Formability of Martensitic Stainless Steels

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Peter Birnbaum ◽  
Enrique Meza-García ◽  
Pierre Landgraf ◽  
Thomas Grund ◽  
Thomas Lampke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Deep Drawing ◽  
Sheet Material ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Drawing Process ◽  
Deep Drawing Process ◽  
Martensitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Sheet Formability

Hot formed sheet components made of Martensitic Stainless Steels (MSS) can achieve ultra-high strengths in combination with very high corrosion resistance. This enables to manufacture complex lightweight sheet components with longer lifespan. Nevertheless, the hot formability of MSS sheets has not been accurately evaluated considering high temperatures and complex stress and strain states. In this work, the hot sheet formability of three MSS alloys under thermomechanical process conditions was investigated. Initially, mechanical properties of this sheet material were determined by uniaxial tensile test. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of a hot deep drawing process was performed under consideration of thermo physical calculated material models using the software JMatPro® and Simufact Forming® 15.0. The resulting strains and cooling rates developed locally in the work piece during the forming process were estimated. The numerical results were validated experimentally. Round cups were manufactured by hot deep drawing process. The resulting maximum drawing depth and hardness were measured. In general, all three alloys developed very good formability at forming temperatures between 700 and 900 °C and increased hardness values. However, they are highly susceptible to chemical composition, austenitization temperature, dwell time, and flange gap. A statistic approach is given to explain the correlation between hardness and its influencing factors.

MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NOTCHED HOT ROLLED MULTI-PHASE STEEL

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Ke Niu ◽  
Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh ◽  
Zengtao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Crack Formation ◽  
Sheet Steel ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Stretch Flanging ◽  
Hot Rolled

This paper presents a series of experimental and numerical studies on Hot Rolled Stretch Flanging steels. This study focuses on four prototyped Hot-Rolled Stretch Flanging steels (HR780SF). Circular- notched sheet steel samples are used to induce different stress triaxiality levels in the rolling direction of sheet materials. Digital image correlation technique measures the local true strain during the deformation process of the notched samples in uniaxial tensile test. The microstructure of the notched samples is examined to evaluate the effect of geometrical features of circular notches on the microstructural evolution during the plastic deformation. Finally, the numerical results obtained via a finite element simulation are validated by the collected experimental data. Our experimental studies reveal the possibility of crack formation along the width of HR780SF steels during the mechanical load. The crack formation, which deteriorates the structural performance of hot rolled steels, can be avoided by the heat treatment of samples prior to the mechanical tests. In addition, it is found that the effect of notch geometry on the stress state is much more considerable at the notch edge than the notch center.

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