scholarly journals Potential uses and Role of Crop Residues in Agriculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Nisha et al., Nisha et al., ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues

scholarly journals Implication of O2 dynamics for both N2O and CH4 emissions from soil during biological soil disinfestation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Wang ◽  
Xuehong Ma ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Guitong Li ◽  
Kun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Hypoxic Area ◽  
Hypoxic Fraction ◽  
Biological Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Straw Incorporation

AbstractSoil O2 dynamics have significant influences on greenhouse gas emissions during soil management practice. In this study, we deployed O2-specific planar optodes to visualize spatiotemporal distribution of O2 in soils treated with biological soil disinfestation (BSD). This study aimed to reveal the role of anoxia development on emissions of N2O and CH4 from soil amended with crop residues during BSD period. The incorporation of crop residues includes wheat straw only, wheat straw with biochar and early straw incorporation. The anoxia in soil developed very fast within 3 days, while the O2 in headspace decreased much slower and it became anaerobic after 5 days, which was significantly affected by straw and biochar additions. The N2O emissions were positively correlated with soil hypoxic fraction. The CH4 emissions were not significant until the anoxia dominated in both soil and headspace. The co-application of biochar with straw delayed the anoxia development and extended the hypoxic area in soil, resulting in lower emissions of N2O and CH4. Those results highlight that the soil O2 dynamic was the key variable triggering the N2O and CH4 productions. Therefore, detailed information of soil O2 availability could be highly beneficial for optimizing the strategies of organic amendments incorporation in the BSD technique.

The Potential for Sustainable Organic Farming in Nagaland: A Case Study

2022 ◽  
pp. 101852912110652
Author(s):  
Devpriya Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
The State ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Eastern State ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Traditional Mode

In 2015, Sikkim, a North-Eastern state of India, achieved the state of being fully organic. Later, states like Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Goa and Kerala have declared their intentions to be fully organic. In Nagaland, more than 47% of the population is engaged in agriculture and entirely dependent on the traditional mode of farming and has used organic manure like cattle dung, dried leaves-litter and crop residues for enhancing the capacity of soil from time immemorial. Also, studies have shown that the state of Nagaland has negligible use of inorganic supplements in their fields. Thus, Nagaland has a high potential to be converted into an organic state without making any significant shifts in their existing farming practices. Shifting cultivation, locally known as Jhum-kheti, is one of the oldest forms of the agricultural process in practice in Nagaland. However, some studies regard Jhum cultivation as harmful to the environment, but there is a scope to reinvent this farming method and move towards a more sustainable form of agriculture there. This study explores the relation between traditional farming and organic farming and the benefits of state-induced organic farming methods and their effects on the farmers of Nagaland. A survey was carried out in the Mokokchung district of Nagaland to understand the role of farmers in attaining sustainability.

The role of allelopathy in legume decline in pastures. I. Effects of pasture and crop residues on germination and survival of subterranean clover in the field and nursery

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Leigh ◽  
DM Halsall ◽  
MD Holgate
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Good Germination

In a series of five trials, three conducted in the field and two in seed-flats in the nursery, it was shown that mulched residues from Phalaris aquatica and Triticum aestivum reduced the germination and production of Trifolium subterraneum. The deleterious effects observed with the mulched residues were not evident when the residues were incorporated into the upper soil layer. It is suggested that a reduction of the residues in pastures before the opening rains in autumn would be an essential requirement to ensure good germination and early seedling vigour from the annual legume component in mixed legume/grass pastures, especially those based on P. aquatica.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF NATURAL ENEMIES IN CONTROLLING OF THE BANANA WEEVIL BORER Cosmopolites sordidus Germar IN WEST SUMATRA

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahsol Hasyim ◽  
Azwana Azwana ◽  
Syafril Syafril
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Cosmopolites Sordidus ◽  
Banana Weevil ◽  
Damage Indices ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Predatory Ants

<br />The banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar, is an important pest of highland banana and plantain in Africa, but it exists in low densities in presumed area of origin in Southeast Asia such as in Indonesia. This suggests a possible existence of effective co-evolved natural enemies in the origin area of Indonesia, especially West Sumatra. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate banana weevil pest status at selected sites in West Sumatra, (2) to survey parasitoids and predators, and (3) to determine the control potential of the most important natural enemies. Surveys were undertaken in March 2002-August 2003 in five locations in West Sumatra, i.e., Bukittinggi, Sitiung, Pariaman, Pasaman, and Batusangkar. Five farms per site were selected randomly among all farms that contained banana stands of &gt; 0.5 ha. Sampling for banana weevil adults and damage, and for predators was done throughout small banana stands and within a 20 m x 40 m (0.08 ha) subplot on larger farms. Field-collected larvae were taken to the laboratory and reared on corm pieces (3 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm) until pupation. Larvae were collected from pseudostem as well as corm residues. To estimate the abundance of non-social predators, i.e., those other than ants, 10 residues each on each farm were examined from plants that had been harvested 1-4 weeks, 5-8 weeks or 9 or more weeks before our visit to the site. Samples of the different morphospecies were saved in alcohol for later identification. The result showed that the banana weevil incidence was found to be low,  0.6-1.7 adults per trap. Plant damage indices were below 2.2%. We collected and reared 24,360 eggs and 3118 larvae, but no parasitism was detected. Phorids (Megaselia sp.) and drosophilids were recovered from larval rearings, but most likely were scavengers. A complex of predators was detected, the most important of which was the histerid beetles,  <em>Plaesius javanus </em>Erichson. In laboratory tests, adults and larvae of P.  <em>javanus</em> attacked 75-88% and 38-53% of banana weevil larvae and pupae, respectively. Predatory ants, including species of Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, Formicinae, and Dolichoderinae, were found to be associated with banana plants and residues. Adults of Myopopone castanea Smith (Ponerinae) were directly observed attacking banana weevil larvae in crop residues. The adult banana weevil mortalities caused by the entomopathogen fungi of Beauveria bassiana from Baso, Sungaitarab, Sei Sariek, and Sikabau at highest density (3.2 x 108 spores ml-1) after two weeks were 96.67%, 90.00%, 60.00% and 83.33%, respectively. The high diversity of habitat conditions in which crop-pest-natural enemies systems exist, support the idea that banana weevil population and damage intensity in the study area is low due to active role of natural enemies.

The role of crop rotations in determining soil structure and crop growth conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Ball ◽  
I. Bingham ◽  
R. M. Rees ◽  
C. A. Watson ◽  
A. Litterick
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Growth And Yield

Increasing concern about the need to provide high-quality food with minimum environmental impact has led to a new interest in crop rotations as a tool to maintain sustainable crop production. We review the role of rotations in the development and preservation of soil structure. After first introducing the types of rotations in current practice and their impact on yield, we assess how soil and crop management in rotations determines soil structure, and in turn how soil structure influences crop growth and yield. We also briefly consider how soil structure might contribute to other beneficial effects of rotations, namely nutrient cycling and disease suppression. Emphasis is given to the influence of crop choice and, where relevant, interaction with tillage system and avoidance of compaction in the improvement and maintenance of soil structure. Crop rotations profoundly modify the soil environment. The sequence of crops in rotation not only influences the removal of nutrients from a soil, but also the return of crop residues, the development and distribution of biopores and the dynamics of microbial communities. These processes contribute to the development of soil structure. We have identified areas where further research is needed to enable the potential benefits of rotations in the management of soil structure to be fully exploited. These include: improved quantitative linkages between soil structure and crop growth, the consequences to soil structure and nutrient cycling of crop residue incorporation, developing natural disease suppression, amelioration of subsoils by crop roots, the fate of carbon deposited by plant roots in soil and the fate of organic nitrogen in soil. Key words: Organic farming, microbial activity, nutrient cycling, compaction, disease suppression, soil structure

scholarly journals The Role Of Minerals In The Growth And Viability Of Bunaji Cattle Raised Under Traditional Management In Central Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
O. A. Ikwuegbu ◽  
D. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Harvest Data ◽  
Calving Intervals

About 400 Bunaji cattle from 12 herds at three sites namely, Kurmin Biri, Madauchi and Ganawuri were used to study the productivity of cattle fed mineral supplements under village conditions. Two herds at each site were allocated at random to each treatment. Mineral blocks containing 11% P and local salt licks containing 96% NaCI which served as control were fed. Supplementation lasted three years. Mineral blocks were put out daily in the Kraals and taken in during rains and when the animals went grazing. Births and disposals were recorded. Animals were weighed monthly using portable barlo electronic scales. Animals grazed natural pasture and crop residues after harvest. Data were analysed using general linear models (GLM) procedure of SAS, Analysis were done for birth weights up to 18 months. Models used for analysis involved the fixed effects of location, herds nested within location, year and season of calving, parity, age of dam and sex of calf. The results showed that birth weights were significantly influenced by location (P<0.05), year of birth (P<0.05) and mineral supplementation (P<0.05). The birth weights were 22.4±0.53, 21.1± 0.42 and 18.2±0.40 kg in Ganawuri, Kurmin Biri and Madauchi respectively. Calves born in 1988 were significantly heavier than those born in 1989 and 1990 and weighed 21.1±0.47, 19.8±0.39 and 20.8±0.48 kg in 1988, 1989 and 1990 respectively. The mineral supplemented calves weighed 21.1±0.38 and 19.9±0.36 kg for phosphate and salt respectively. Using weight as a covariate, it was shown that the growth rate of P supplemented group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05) so that at 18 months the mineral group weighed 165 kg, an improvement of 22%. Calving interval was influenced by location (P<0.05), year of calving (P<0.01) but not significantly by treatment (P>0.05). Calving intervals were 530±62.9 and 503±54.8 days for mineral and salt respectively. Cumulative mortality percentage of calves to 9 and 12 months were not significantly affected by mineral supplementation (P>0.05). These were 11.1±5.00 and 13.4±5.31 and 17.4±5.06 and 24.0±5.43 for mineral and salt respectively. It is concluded that the provision of P-rich mineral blocks to agropastoral herds at strategic periods can improve the productivity of Bunaji cattle.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF NATURAL ENEMIES IN CONTROLLING OF THE BANANA WEEVIL BORER Cosmopolites sordidus Germar IN WEST SUMATRA

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahsol Hasyim ◽  
Azwana Azwana ◽  
Syafril Syafril
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Cosmopolites Sordidus ◽  
Banana Weevil ◽  
Damage Indices ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Predatory Ants

<br />The banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar, is an important pest of highland banana and plantain in Africa, but it exists in low densities in presumed area of origin in Southeast Asia such as in Indonesia. This suggests a possible existence of effective co-evolved natural enemies in the origin area of Indonesia, especially West Sumatra. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate banana weevil pest status at selected sites in West Sumatra, (2) to survey parasitoids and predators, and (3) to determine the control potential of the most important natural enemies. Surveys were undertaken in March 2002-August 2003 in five locations in West Sumatra, i.e., Bukittinggi, Sitiung, Pariaman, Pasaman, and Batusangkar. Five farms per site were selected randomly among all farms that contained banana stands of &gt; 0.5 ha. Sampling for banana weevil adults and damage, and for predators was done throughout small banana stands and within a 20 m x 40 m (0.08 ha) subplot on larger farms. Field-collected larvae were taken to the laboratory and reared on corm pieces (3 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm) until pupation. Larvae were collected from pseudostem as well as corm residues. To estimate the abundance of non-social predators, i.e., those other than ants, 10 residues each on each farm were examined from plants that had been harvested 1-4 weeks, 5-8 weeks or 9 or more weeks before our visit to the site. Samples of the different morphospecies were saved in alcohol for later identification. The result showed that the banana weevil incidence was found to be low,  0.6-1.7 adults per trap. Plant damage indices were below 2.2%. We collected and reared 24,360 eggs and 3118 larvae, but no parasitism was detected. Phorids (Megaselia sp.) and drosophilids were recovered from larval rearings, but most likely were scavengers. A complex of predators was detected, the most important of which was the histerid beetles,  <em>Plaesius javanus </em>Erichson. In laboratory tests, adults and larvae of P.  <em>javanus</em> attacked 75-88% and 38-53% of banana weevil larvae and pupae, respectively. Predatory ants, including species of Myrmicinae, Ponerinae, Formicinae, and Dolichoderinae, were found to be associated with banana plants and residues. Adults of Myopopone castanea Smith (Ponerinae) were directly observed attacking banana weevil larvae in crop residues. The adult banana weevil mortalities caused by the entomopathogen fungi of Beauveria bassiana from Baso, Sungaitarab, Sei Sariek, and Sikabau at highest density (3.2 x 108 spores ml-1) after two weeks were 96.67%, 90.00%, 60.00% and 83.33%, respectively. The high diversity of habitat conditions in which crop-pest-natural enemies systems exist, support the idea that banana weevil population and damage intensity in the study area is low due to active role of natural enemies.

Nitrate isotopes unveil distinct seasonal N-sources and the critical role of crop residues in groundwater contamination

2010 ◽  
Vol 381 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine M. Savard ◽  
George Somers ◽  
Anna Smirnoff ◽  
Daniel Paradis ◽  
Eric van Bochove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Nitrate Isotopes

scholarly journals Lignin: Characterization of a Multifaceted Crop Component

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Frei
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Plant Component ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Biotic Stresses

Lignin is a plant component with important implications for various agricultural disciplines. It confers rigidity to cell walls, and is therefore associated with tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses and the mechanical stability of plants. In animal nutrition, lignin is considered an antinutritive component of forages as it cannot be readily fermented by rumen microbes. In terms of energy yield from biomass, the role of lignin depends on the conversion process. It contains more gross energy than other cell wall components and therefore confers enhanced heat value in thermochemical processes such as direct combustion. Conversely, it negatively affects biological energy conversion processes such as bioethanol or biogas production, as it inhibits microbial fermentation of the cell wall. Lignin from crop residues plays an important role in the soil organic carbon cycling, as it constitutes a recalcitrant carbon pool affecting nutrient mineralization and carbon sequestration. Due to the significance of lignin in several agricultural disciplines, the modification of lignin content and composition by breeding is becoming increasingly important. Both mapping of quantitative trait loci and transgenic approaches have been adopted to modify lignin in crops. However, breeding goals must be defined considering the conflicting role of lignin in different agricultural disciplines.

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