Irrigation and Fertilizer Placement Affect Root and Canopy Growth of Trees Produced in In-ground Fabric Containers

Abstract Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ‘Drake’) were transplanted from 3.8 liter (#1) containers into 35-cm (14 in) fabric containers in sandy soils. Irrigation or fertilizer was applied all inside, half-in half-out (50/50), or all outside the fabric container during a 2-year production cycle. For live oak, neither irrigation nor fertilizer placement increased fine root mass within the fabric container. Maximum trunk diameter was achieved by applying both irrigation and fertilizer inside the container. For Chinese elm, applying either fertilizer or irrigation inside or half-in half-outside the container increased fine root mass within the harvested root ball. Elm shoot growth was greatest with 50/50 placement of both irrigation and fertilizer. Field site influenced the effect of Irrigation on shoot growth, but not root mass. Greater fine root mass occurred in the heavier soil type

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Water Stress and Osmotic Adjustment during Post-digging Acclimatization of Quercus virginiana Produced in Fabric Containers

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-10.4.208 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 208-214

Author(s):

R.C. Beeson ◽

E.F. Gilman

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Osmotic Adjustment ◽

Fine Root ◽

Early Summer ◽

Root Weight ◽

Quercus Virginiana ◽

Water Potentials ◽

Live Oak ◽

Oak Trees ◽

Osmotic Potentials

Abstract Quercus virginiana Mill. (live oak) trees produced in in-ground 61 cm (24 in) diameter fabric containers were overhead misted and given root ball irrigation after harvesting during early summer. Duration and frequency of overhead misting was reduced to zero over a 3 week period. Water potentials (ΨT) were measured diurnally and osmotic potentials measured from leaves at midday. Intermittent overhead misting was as effective as continuous overhead misting in maintenance of ΨT above −1.0 MPa. Water potentials of −1.5 to −2.0 MPa were measured when the period between overhead misting was expanded from 30 min to 45 min. Osmotic adjustment occurred only in trees receiving overhead misting. Trees receiving only root ball irrigation developed ΨT below −2.5 MPa within 5 days after harvesting. After 3 weeks, ΨT and osmotic potentials were the same for all treatments. In a second experiment, trees were root pruned inside the fabric container 11 weeks before harvest. All root pruned trees survived acclimatization, but only 50% of unpruned trees survived. Water relations were similar to trees in Experiment 1. Surviving trees, both pruned and unpruned, had a significantly higher percentage of fine root weight (roots < 2 mm diameter) than trees that did not survive.

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Impact of Paclobutrazol on Root-pruned Live Oak

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.21.1.46 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 46-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tomás Martínez-Trinidad ◽

W. Todd Watson ◽

Russell K. Book

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽

Tree Growth ◽

Starch Content ◽

Root Pruning ◽

Glucose Content ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Quercus Virginiana ◽

Live Oak ◽

Full Rate ◽

The Impact

This study evaluated the impact of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the overall growth and vitality of root-pruned, field-grown live oak (Quercus virginiana). Live oak trees with 10-cm trunk diameter (measured 30 cm aboveground) were treated with full rate (0.8 g·cm−1 trunk diameter) of PBZ as basal drenches, full or half rate (0.8 or 0.4 g·cm−1 trunk diameter) of PBZ and trenching at 45 cm from trunk, full or half rate of PBZ and trenching at 60 cm from trunk, trenching alone at 45 or 60 cm from trunk, and only water. Trunk diameter and canopy growth was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) and new root growth was also reduced by applications of PBZ, root pruning, or both. Starch content in twigs decreased and glucose content increased on treatment by full-label rates of PBZ and root pruning at 60 cm. PBZ and/or root pruning caused slight improvements in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Results of this research indicate that PBZ (full rate) in combination with root pruning (45 cm) reduces tree growth and exhibits an overregulation effect for at least 16 months after treatment. Therefore, PBZ applications on root-pruned trees can temporarily decrease root and tree growth and improve foliage chlorophyll fluorescence.

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Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Establishment of Quercus virginiana

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2010.025 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 183-190

Author(s):

Edward Gilman ◽

Chris Harchick ◽

Maria Paz

Keyword(s):

Potential Field ◽

Production Method ◽

Root Pruning ◽

Field Soil ◽

Xylem Water Potential ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Quercus Virginiana ◽

Live Oak ◽

Field Nursery ◽

Establishment Rate

Significant differences may exist in establishment rate between trees planted from containers and those from field nursery. Containergrown plants have root balls with deflected roots which could impact establishment. Slicing root balls at planting could improve postplanting performance of container-grown trees. Sixty live oak 170 L containers were planted into landscape field soil. Root balls from 30 of these containers were sliced prior to planting. Thirty field-grown trees of slightly larger size, and 30 smaller trees from 57 L containers, were also planted. During dry periods in the first 432 days after planting (DAP), 57 L container trees had the least negative xylem potential. Field-grown trees had the most negative xylem potential when irrigation was withheld 12 DAP. Slicing root balls had little impact on xylem water potential in drought. Defoliation was greater for 170 L container trees than for 57 L containers. Trunk diameter increase of 57 L containers and field-grown trees was greater than for 170 L containers. Field-grown trees grew less in height. Root system radius was similar for 170 L containers and field-grown trees, and greater than 57 L containers. Small trees appear to establish quicker than larger trees.

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Temporal and Spatial Glucose and Starch Partitioning in Live Oak

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2009.012 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 63-67

Author(s):

Tomas Martinez-Trinidad ◽

W. Todd Watson ◽

Michael Arnold ◽

Leonardo Lombardini

Keyword(s):

Old Field ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Developmental Patterns ◽

Tree Vitality ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Quercus Virginiana ◽

Live Oak ◽

Time Of Year ◽

Source Sink

Carbohydrate translocation, which follows anatomical and developmental patterns, is ruled by source-sink relations where energycontaining compounds are moved from sources of production to sinks of utilization. Seasonal carbohydrate concentrations in various tree parts were measured and compared in 10 cm (4 in) trunk diameter live oaks (Quercus virginiana P. Miller). Tissue samples from roots, trunks, twigs and leaves were collected from three-year-old field-grown trees on four dates throughout the 2005–2006 seasons. Laboratory analyses of glucose and starch were performed, and values were compared and contrasted according to sample location and time of year. Glucose levels were significantly higher in leaves during the winter (P ≤ 0.001), while starch concentrations were significantly higher in root and trunk tissues during the spring and winter assessments (P ≤ 0.001). Carbohydrate concentrations varied among tissues sampled within the tree. This study provides valuable information on the spatial and temporal partitioning of energy reserves, glucose and starch, in live oak so that arborists will have a better understanding of tree vitality, and the effects and environmental impacts of arboricultural treatments.

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Production Method and Irrigation Affect Root Morphology of Live Oak

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-15.2.84 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 84-87

Author(s):

Michael D. Marshall ◽

Edward F. Gilman

Keyword(s):

Sandy Soil ◽

Production Method ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Root Number ◽

Irrigation Frequency ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Quercus Virginiana ◽

Live Oak

Abstract Trees of live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) were container-grown (CG) or field-grown (FG) to a mean trunk diameter of 9.4 cm (3.7 in), transplanted into sandy soil, and established with frequent or periodic irrigation. Three years after transplanting, trees were harvested with a 1.5 m (60 in) diameter tree spade. Root number and root cross-sectional area was evaluated for all roots at the periphery of the tree-spade-dug root ball. Despite similar increases in trunk diameter, FG trees had greater root number and root cross-sectional area than CG trees. The greater root cross-sectional area occurred in roots 5–20 mm (0.2–0.8 in) in diameter at soil depths of 0–25 cm (0–9.8 in) and 75–100 cm (29.5–39.3 in). Irrigation frequency after transplanting had no effect on root number in FG trees. However, root number in CG trees was lower without frequent irrigation.

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How are nitrogen availability, fine‐root mass, and nitrogen uptake related empirically? Implications for models and theory

Global Change Biology ◽

10.1111/gcb.14541 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 885-899 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ray Dybzinski ◽

Angelo Kelvakis ◽

John McCabe ◽

Samantha Panock ◽

Kanyarak Anuchitlertchon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Uptake ◽

Nitrogen Availability ◽

Fine Root ◽

Root Mass

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Responses of growth, nitrogen and carbon partitioning to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration in live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) seedlings in relation to nutrient supply

Annales des Sciences Forestières ◽

10.1051/forest:19990202 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 91-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Roberto Tognetti ◽

Jon D. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Co2 Concentration ◽

Carbon Partitioning ◽

Nutrient Supply ◽

Atmospheric Co2 ◽

Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽

Atmospheric Co2 Concentration ◽

Quercus Virginiana ◽

Live Oak

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The Efficacy of Paclobutrazol Soil Application as it Relates to the Timing of Utility Right-of-Way Pruning

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2016.008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Chris Haugen ◽

Kevin Tucker ◽

Alex Smalling ◽

Emily Bick ◽

Steve Hoover ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth Regulator ◽

Growth Response ◽

Power Lines ◽

Time Data ◽

Application Timing ◽

Right Of Way ◽

Quercus Virginiana ◽

Live Oak ◽

Oak Trees ◽

The Ideal

The plant growth regulator paclobutrazol’s effect on live oak trees (Quercus virginiana) was evaluated to determine optimum timing of application and pruning time in Louisiana. Variables considered included length of branch regrowth, branch distance to conductor, pruning time and biomass chipping time. Data were evaluated to determine the ideal application timing of paclobutrazol relative to time of pruning. Live oak trees treated with paclobutrazol had significantly reduced branch regrowth, pruning time and chipping time, as compared to control trees regardless of application timing. Paclobutrazol application on live oak trees was idealized within 90 days pre- to 90 days post-prune. Economically, significant gains were found by utilizing this tool ranging from 180 days pre- to 180 days post-prune, allowing for application timing flexibility to reduce the growth of trees near power lines. Paclobutrazol treated live oak trees demonstrated significantly less re-growth response.

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