scholarly journals Water Stress and Osmotic Adjustment during Post-digging Acclimatization of Quercus virginiana Produced in Fabric Containers

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-214
Author(s):  
R.C. Beeson ◽  
E.F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

Abstract Quercus virginiana Mill. (live oak) trees produced in in-ground 61 cm (24 in) diameter fabric containers were overhead misted and given root ball irrigation after harvesting during early summer. Duration and frequency of overhead misting was reduced to zero over a 3 week period. Water potentials (ΨT) were measured diurnally and osmotic potentials measured from leaves at midday. Intermittent overhead misting was as effective as continuous overhead misting in maintenance of ΨT above −1.0 MPa. Water potentials of −1.5 to −2.0 MPa were measured when the period between overhead misting was expanded from 30 min to 45 min. Osmotic adjustment occurred only in trees receiving overhead misting. Trees receiving only root ball irrigation developed ΨT below −2.5 MPa within 5 days after harvesting. After 3 weeks, ΨT and osmotic potentials were the same for all treatments. In a second experiment, trees were root pruned inside the fabric container 11 weeks before harvest. All root pruned trees survived acclimatization, but only 50% of unpruned trees survived. Water relations were similar to trees in Experiment 1. Surviving trees, both pruned and unpruned, had a significantly higher percentage of fine root weight (roots < 2 mm diameter) than trees that did not survive.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Paclobutrazol Soil Application as it Relates to the Timing of Utility Right-of-Way Pruning

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Haugen ◽  
Kevin Tucker ◽  
Alex Smalling ◽  
Emily Bick ◽  
Steve Hoover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
The Ideal

The plant growth regulator paclobutrazol’s effect on live oak trees (Quercus virginiana) was evaluated to determine optimum timing of application and pruning time in Louisiana. Variables considered included length of branch regrowth, branch distance to conductor, pruning time and biomass chipping time. Data were evaluated to determine the ideal application timing of paclobutrazol relative to time of pruning. Live oak trees treated with paclobutrazol had significantly reduced branch regrowth, pruning time and chipping time, as compared to control trees regardless of application timing. Paclobutrazol application on live oak trees was idealized within 90 days pre- to 90 days post-prune. Economically, significant gains were found by utilizing this tool ranging from 180 days pre- to 180 days post-prune, allowing for application timing flexibility to reduce the growth of trees near power lines. Paclobutrazol treated live oak trees demonstrated significantly less re-growth response.

scholarly journals Root Pruning but not Irrigation in the Nursery Affects Live Oak Root Balls and Digging Survival

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Ann Stodola ◽  
Michael D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Small Diameter ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Survival Trees ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Irrigation placement and irrigation volume during field production of live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) in a sandy soil had no effect on trunk caliper [mean = 6.3 cm (2.5 in)] or tree height [mean = 3.8 m (12.4 ft)]. Root pruning had no impact on caliper and a slight (P < 0.06) impact on height. Irrigation placement and volume had little effect on number of cut roots at the edge of the root ball. Root pruning with a hand spade or in combination with root-pruning fabric placed under the liner at planting increased the number of roots at the edge of the root ball. Root pruning with fabric in combination with spade pruning increased the small-diameter (<5 mm) root weight: shoot ratio but reduced the total root weight: shoot ratio. Irrigation placement and volume during production did not affect summer nor winter digging survival. Trees that were not root pruned had poorer survival in the summer and winter digging seasons than those receiving either of the root-pruned treatments. In contrast, summer and winter survival was similar for root-pruned trees indicating that live oak can be dug in summer as well as the more traditional winter period as long as trees are root pruned during production. Trees pruned with fabric placed under the liner at planting in combination with spade pruning survived better than traditional spade root pruned trees.

scholarly journals Production Techniques for Highrise™ and Seedling Live Oak

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Ann Stodola ◽  
Michael D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Production Techniques

Abstract Cutting propagated Quercus virginiana ‘QVTIA’ Highrise™ PP #11219 and seedling live oak required the same amount of time to prune to a dominant leader in the nursery. Highrise™ live oaks were more uniform in caliper, height and root ball characteristics than the seedling crop. Finished seedling trees had larger caliper than cutting propagated Highrise™ but height was similar. Root pruning horizontal roots alone or in combination with placing root pruning fabric under the liner at planting reduced dry weight of roots in the root ball by reducing large-diameter root weight and increasing small-diameter root weight. Trees produced by both methods of root pruning survived the digging process better than non root-pruned trees in the summer digging season. Seedlings had more root weight in the root ball and a higher root: shoot ratio than Highrise™ live oak. But Highrise™ had a 45% greater small diameter root: shoot ratio than seedling live oak, and more Highrise™ survived the digging process than seedlings. Highrise™ may not need root pruning during production if dug in the dormant season.

scholarly journals Irrigation and Fertilizer Placement Affect Root and Canopy Growth of Trees Produced in In-ground Fabric Containers

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-136
Author(s):  
R.C. Beeson ◽  
E.F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Chinese Elm

Abstract Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ‘Drake’) were transplanted from 3.8 liter (#1) containers into 35-cm (14 in) fabric containers in sandy soils. Irrigation or fertilizer was applied all inside, half-in half-out (50/50), or all outside the fabric container during a 2-year production cycle. For live oak, neither irrigation nor fertilizer placement increased fine root mass within the fabric container. Maximum trunk diameter was achieved by applying both irrigation and fertilizer inside the container. For Chinese elm, applying either fertilizer or irrigation inside or half-in half-outside the container increased fine root mass within the harvested root ball. Elm shoot growth was greatest with 50/50 placement of both irrigation and fertilizer. Field site influenced the effect of Irrigation on shoot growth, but not root mass. Greater fine root mass occurred in the heavier soil type

scholarly journals Water Relations of Field-grown Quercus virginiana Mill. from Preharvest through Containerization and 1 Year into a Landscape

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Transplant Shock ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Landscape Water

Large (≈5 m high) Quercus virginiana Mill. (live oak) trees produced in 0.64-m-diameter in-ground fabric containers were root pruned or not root pruned inside containers before harvest. Harvested trees were grown in two sizes of polyethylene containers for 10 months, then transplanted into a landscape. Water potential (ψT) of small branches (<4 mm in diameter) was measured diurnally during containerization and for 1 year in the landscape. Root pruning had no influence on postharvest survival. Neither root pruning nor container size affected tree water status during containerization or in the landscape. All surviving trees recovered from transplant shock following harvest after 16 weeks in a container, independent of treatment. In the landscape, 35 weeks of daily irrigation were required before dusk ψT declined to within 0.1 MPa of predawn values, a result indicating alleviation of transplant shock. Trunk growth rate during containerization was highest in larger containers. However, in the landscape, root pruning and small containers were associated with higher trunk growth rate. Tree water status during containerization and in the landscape is discussed.

scholarly journals Human-mediated disturbance in multitrophic interactions results in outbreak levels of North America's most venomous caterpillar

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 20190470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen R. Hood ◽  
Mattheau Comerford ◽  
Amanda K. Weaver ◽  
Patricia M. Morton ◽  
Scott P. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Multitrophic Interactions ◽  
Enemy Release ◽  
Ecological Disturbance ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Avian Predators ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Oak Trees

Anthropogenic environmental change is predicted to disrupt multitrophic interactions, which may have drastic consequences for population-level processes. Here, we investigate how a large-scale human-mediated disturbance affects the abundance of North America's most venomous caterpillar species, Megalopyge opercularis . Specifically, we used a natural experiment where netting was deployed to cover the entire canopies of a subset of mature southern live oak trees ( Quercus virginiana ) to exclude urban pest birds (grackles and pigeons), throughout an 8.1 km 2 area encompassing a medical centre in Houston, Texas. We used this experimental exclusion to test the following hypothesis: release from avian predators increases caterpillar abundance to outbreak levels, which increases the risk to human health. Results from a multi-year survey show that caterpillar abundance increased, on average, more than 7300% on netted versus non-netted trees. Thus, increases in caterpillar abundance due to anthropogenic enemy release increase human exposure to this venomous pest, and should be considered a health threat in the area. This study emphasizes the unforeseen consequences of ecological disturbance for species interactions and highlights the importance of considering ecology in urban planning.

Influences of Temperature, Light and Water Stress on Germination of Fringed Sage (Artemisia frigida)

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuguang Bai ◽  
James T. Romo ◽  
James A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Artemisia Frigida ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Osmotic Potentials ◽  
Germination Requirements ◽  
Effect Of Light

Experiments were conducted to determine the influences of temperature, light, winter storage, and water stress on seed germination of fringed sage. Seeds collected in 3 yr in central Saskatchewan were placed in sealed vials and buried in the soil after harvest, and germination was tested in spring and early summer. Seeds germinated over a wide range of temperatures with alternating 25/15 C being optimal. The range of optimal temperatures was higher for older seeds than younger seeds. The stimulating effect of light on germination varied among collections and incubating temperatures. Total germination and germination rate was limited by water stress and no seeds germinated at osmotic potentials below −0.9 MPa. Seeds hydrated in the autumn and exposed to low winter temperatures had higher germination the following spring than dry seeds exposed to the same conditions. Results suggest that sufficient soil moisture combined with moderate seedbed temperatures are optimal for fringed sage germination. Periodicity of germination may be influenced by variable germination requirements in different aging seeds.

Effects of preconditioning on subsequent water relations, stomatal sensitivity, and photosynthesis in osmotically stressed black spruce

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 2240-2244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz J. Zwiazek ◽  
Terence J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Conditioning Treatment ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Stomatal Sensitivity ◽  
Stress Conditioning ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

The effects of stress conditioning with polyethylene glycol on water relations and photosynthesis in preconditioned ramets were compared with those of unconditioned black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. BSP). Preconditioned plants maintained lower osmotic and water potentials and higher turgor potentials (measured as a difference between osmotic and water potentials), but photosynthetic rates were similar in both groups of plants. The conditioning treatment increased stomatal sensitivity to water stress, and stomatal conductance was lower in preconditioned plants soon after water stress was imposed. Preconditioned plants maintained significantly lower osmotic potentials during a severe water stress and were able to maintain turgor at the time when unconditioned plants wilted. Water-use efficiency was not affected by stress-conditioning treatment.

Comparison of the effects of continuous and relieved water stress on nitrogen nutrition of grain sorghum

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Rego ◽  
NJ Grundon ◽  
CJ Asher ◽  
DG Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Stress Regime ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

A solution culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of continuous and relieved water stress and of nitrogen (N) supply on growth and N content of grain sorghum cv. Texas 610SR. Polyethylene glycol-6000 was used to impose solution osmotic potentials of -0.1, -0.4, and -1.1 MPa over 9 days beginning on day 21. On day 30, half the plants in the -0.4 and -1.1 MPa treatments were returned to solutions with osmotic potentials of -0.1 MPa (relieved water stress regime), while the other half remained at solution osmotic potentials of -0.4 and -1.1 MPa until harvest (continuous water stress regime). Plants were harvested on day 43. Dry matter yields, total plant N content, mean rate of N uptake per unit root weight, and the number of leaves expanded after imposition of solution osmotic potential treatments were decreased significantly by decreases in N supply and solution osmotic potential in the continuous water stress regime. Decreasing the solution osmotic potential in the continuous water stress regime had no effect on mean N concentrations in expanded leaves or in shoots, but increased N concentrations in roots and in stem plus immature leaves. Plants in the relieved water stress regime produced more dry matter, expanded more leaves after day 21, had higher N contents, N concentrations and mean N uptake rates per unit root weight than plants in the continuous stress regime at equivalent levels of solution osmotic potential. Relationships between leaf N concentrations and relative yield of shoots were non-asymptotic for all three index leaves (youngest emerged blade and the two blades immediately below), and this prevented the calculation of meaningful critical N concentrations in any treatment. The results are discussed in relation to effects of intermittent water stress on rainfed sorghum in the field.

Tree selection by the broad-headed skink, Eumeces laticeps: size, holes, and cover

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Eumeces Laticeps ◽  
Limit Detection

AbstractBroad-headed skinks (Eumeces laticeps) are semiarboreallizards that are strongly associated with live oak trees (Quercus virginiana). Examination of the frequencies with which lizards occupied the largest of four nearest-neighbor trees and those having holes revealed a strong preference for large trees having holes. The presence of holes large enough for entry was a more important factor than tree size per se, as indicated by consistent occupation of smaller trees having holes when the largest of the four nearest neighbors lacked holes, although a significant preference for large size was demonstrated by the significantly greater than chance occupation of the largest of four nearest neighbor trees among those having holes. Large adults occupied significantly larger trees than did smaller adults, suggesting that larger individuals aggressively exclude smaller ones from preferred trees. Pairs consisting of an adult female and the male guarding her preferred trees surrounded by dense bushes, presumably because bushes limit detection and attack by predators and possibly because they harbor prey. Broad-headed skinks thus prefer large live oaks having holes and a fringe of dense cover.

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