scholarly journals Impact of Paclobutrazol on Root-pruned Live Oak

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Martínez-Trinidad ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
Russell K. Book
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Full Rate ◽  
The Impact

This study evaluated the impact of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the overall growth and vitality of root-pruned, field-grown live oak (Quercus virginiana). Live oak trees with 10-cm trunk diameter (measured 30 cm aboveground) were treated with full rate (0.8 g·cm−1 trunk diameter) of PBZ as basal drenches, full or half rate (0.8 or 0.4 g·cm−1 trunk diameter) of PBZ and trenching at 45 cm from trunk, full or half rate of PBZ and trenching at 60 cm from trunk, trenching alone at 45 or 60 cm from trunk, and only water. Trunk diameter and canopy growth was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) and new root growth was also reduced by applications of PBZ, root pruning, or both. Starch content in twigs decreased and glucose content increased on treatment by full-label rates of PBZ and root pruning at 60 cm. PBZ and/or root pruning caused slight improvements in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Results of this research indicate that PBZ (full rate) in combination with root pruning (45 cm) reduces tree growth and exhibits an overregulation effect for at least 16 months after treatment. Therefore, PBZ applications on root-pruned trees can temporarily decrease root and tree growth and improve foliage chlorophyll fluorescence.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate Injections as a Potential Option to Improve Growth and Vitality of Live Oaks

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
Tomás Martínez-Trinidad ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
Michael Arnold ◽  
Leonardo Lombardini ◽  
David Appel
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Potential Option

This study evaluates the effects of carbohydrate injections on the growth and vitality of live oak (Quercus virginiana P. Miller). Glucose, sucrose, or a 50:50 mixture of both carbohydrates at increasing concentrations [0, 40, 80, and 120 g/L (0, 5.3, 10.6, and 16.0 oz/gal)] were injected into live oaks. Trunk and root growth, net photosynthesis, root and twig carbohydrate concentration, and chlorophyll fluorescence were monitored. Isotope composition of twig and root samples was measured as an indicator of injected carbohydrate distribution. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in trunk growth among types of carbohydrates, but no significant differences for carbohydrate concentrations. The mixtures of sucrose and glucose had the largest effect on growth compared to either sugar alone, suggesting that glucose and sucrose alone were used in processes other than trunk growth. 50:50 mixtures caused a greater effect on overall mean growth indices than either sugar alone. Glucose content in twigs and starch in roots were significantly different (P < 0.05) among overall means for concentrations with increased levels found in trees treated with the greatest concentrations. Chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm revealed highly significant differences (P < 0.001) among overall concentrations. Carbon isotope values did not reveal a definite trend that corroborated the exogenous carbohydrate distribution. Results from this experiment suggest that carbohydrate trunk injections can have an impact on growth and vitality of live oak.

scholarly journals Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Establishment of Quercus virginiana

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Chris Harchick ◽  
Maria Paz
Keyword(s):  
Potential Field ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Establishment Rate

Significant differences may exist in establishment rate between trees planted from containers and those from field nursery. Containergrown plants have root balls with deflected roots which could impact establishment. Slicing root balls at planting could improve postplanting performance of container-grown trees. Sixty live oak 170 L containers were planted into landscape field soil. Root balls from 30 of these containers were sliced prior to planting. Thirty field-grown trees of slightly larger size, and 30 smaller trees from 57 L containers, were also planted. During dry periods in the first 432 days after planting (DAP), 57 L container trees had the least negative xylem potential. Field-grown trees had the most negative xylem potential when irrigation was withheld 12 DAP. Slicing root balls had little impact on xylem water potential in drought. Defoliation was greater for 170 L container trees than for 57 L containers. Trunk diameter increase of 57 L containers and field-grown trees was greater than for 170 L containers. Field-grown trees grew less in height. Root system radius was similar for 170 L containers and field-grown trees, and greater than 57 L containers. Small trees appear to establish quicker than larger trees.

scholarly journals Root Pruning but not Irrigation in the Nursery Affects Live Oak Root Balls and Digging Survival

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Ann Stodola ◽  
Michael D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Small Diameter ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Survival Trees ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Irrigation placement and irrigation volume during field production of live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) in a sandy soil had no effect on trunk caliper [mean = 6.3 cm (2.5 in)] or tree height [mean = 3.8 m (12.4 ft)]. Root pruning had no impact on caliper and a slight (P &lt; 0.06) impact on height. Irrigation placement and volume had little effect on number of cut roots at the edge of the root ball. Root pruning with a hand spade or in combination with root-pruning fabric placed under the liner at planting increased the number of roots at the edge of the root ball. Root pruning with fabric in combination with spade pruning increased the small-diameter (&lt;5 mm) root weight: shoot ratio but reduced the total root weight: shoot ratio. Irrigation placement and volume during production did not affect summer nor winter digging survival. Trees that were not root pruned had poorer survival in the summer and winter digging seasons than those receiving either of the root-pruned treatments. In contrast, summer and winter survival was similar for root-pruned trees indicating that live oak can be dug in summer as well as the more traditional winter period as long as trees are root pruned during production. Trees pruned with fabric placed under the liner at planting in combination with spade pruning survived better than traditional spade root pruned trees.

scholarly journals Production Techniques for Highrise™ and Seedling Live Oak

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Ann Stodola ◽  
Michael D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Production Techniques

Abstract Cutting propagated Quercus virginiana ‘QVTIA’ Highrise™ PP #11219 and seedling live oak required the same amount of time to prune to a dominant leader in the nursery. Highrise™ live oaks were more uniform in caliper, height and root ball characteristics than the seedling crop. Finished seedling trees had larger caliper than cutting propagated Highrise™ but height was similar. Root pruning horizontal roots alone or in combination with placing root pruning fabric under the liner at planting reduced dry weight of roots in the root ball by reducing large-diameter root weight and increasing small-diameter root weight. Trees produced by both methods of root pruning survived the digging process better than non root-pruned trees in the summer digging season. Seedlings had more root weight in the root ball and a higher root: shoot ratio than Highrise™ live oak. But Highrise™ had a 45% greater small diameter root: shoot ratio than seedling live oak, and more Highrise™ survived the digging process than seedlings. Highrise™ may not need root pruning during production if dug in the dormant season.

scholarly journals Irrigation and Fertilizer Placement Affect Root and Canopy Growth of Trees Produced in In-ground Fabric Containers

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-136
Author(s):  
R.C. Beeson ◽  
E.F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Chinese Elm

Abstract Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ‘Drake’) were transplanted from 3.8 liter (#1) containers into 35-cm (14 in) fabric containers in sandy soils. Irrigation or fertilizer was applied all inside, half-in half-out (50/50), or all outside the fabric container during a 2-year production cycle. For live oak, neither irrigation nor fertilizer placement increased fine root mass within the fabric container. Maximum trunk diameter was achieved by applying both irrigation and fertilizer inside the container. For Chinese elm, applying either fertilizer or irrigation inside or half-in half-outside the container increased fine root mass within the harvested root ball. Elm shoot growth was greatest with 50/50 placement of both irrigation and fertilizer. Field site influenced the effect of Irrigation on shoot growth, but not root mass. Greater fine root mass occurred in the heavier soil type

scholarly journals Water Relations of Field-grown Quercus virginiana Mill. from Preharvest through Containerization and 1 Year into a Landscape

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Transplant Shock ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Landscape Water

Large (≈5 m high) Quercus virginiana Mill. (live oak) trees produced in 0.64-m-diameter in-ground fabric containers were root pruned or not root pruned inside containers before harvest. Harvested trees were grown in two sizes of polyethylene containers for 10 months, then transplanted into a landscape. Water potential (ψT) of small branches (<4 mm in diameter) was measured diurnally during containerization and for 1 year in the landscape. Root pruning had no influence on postharvest survival. Neither root pruning nor container size affected tree water status during containerization or in the landscape. All surviving trees recovered from transplant shock following harvest after 16 weeks in a container, independent of treatment. In the landscape, 35 weeks of daily irrigation were required before dusk ψT declined to within 0.1 MPa of predawn values, a result indicating alleviation of transplant shock. Trunk growth rate during containerization was highest in larger containers. However, in the landscape, root pruning and small containers were associated with higher trunk growth rate. Tree water status during containerization and in the landscape is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Liner Container Size, Root Ball Slicing, and Season of Root Pruning in a Field Nursery on Quercus virginiana Mill. Growth and Anchorage After Transplanting

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Dormant Season

Size of liner, root ball slicing when field planting, and field root pruning season were tested with intention of optimizing posttransplant performance of field-grown nursery stock. Trees planted into a field nursery from three container sizes and either root ball sliced or not when shifted to larger containers or planting to the field nursery, and root pruned in the field nursery in either the dormant season or growing season all had the same trunk diameter (144 mm) and tree height (6.4 m) three years after transplanting into the landscape. Container size influenced root attributes—including number and orientation—and anchorage rating of field-harvested trees. Trees planted from 11 L containers required more bending stress to winch trunks evaluated 12 and 25 months after transplanting than larger containers. Percentage of root systems graded as culls was reduced from 88 to 66 by root pruning when field planting, but root pruning resulted in a slight reduction in anchorage rating. Diameter of the ten largest roots at edge of field-harvested root ball decreased with size of container planted into field soil. Root pruning season had no impact on final tree height (4.3 m) at the conclusion of field production.

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial Glucose and Starch Partitioning in Live Oak

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Tomas Martinez-Trinidad ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
Michael Arnold ◽  
Leonardo Lombardini
Keyword(s):  
Old Field ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Tree Vitality ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Source Sink

Carbohydrate translocation, which follows anatomical and developmental patterns, is ruled by source-sink relations where energycontaining compounds are moved from sources of production to sinks of utilization. Seasonal carbohydrate concentrations in various tree parts were measured and compared in 10 cm (4 in) trunk diameter live oaks (Quercus virginiana P. Miller). Tissue samples from roots, trunks, twigs and leaves were collected from three-year-old field-grown trees on four dates throughout the 2005–2006 seasons. Laboratory analyses of glucose and starch were performed, and values were compared and contrasted according to sample location and time of year. Glucose levels were significantly higher in leaves during the winter (P ≤ 0.001), while starch concentrations were significantly higher in root and trunk tissues during the spring and winter assessments (P ≤ 0.001). Carbohydrate concentrations varied among tissues sampled within the tree. This study provides valuable information on the spatial and temporal partitioning of energy reserves, glucose and starch, in live oak so that arborists will have a better understanding of tree vitality, and the effects and environmental impacts of arboricultural treatments.

scholarly journals Impact of Nursery Root Pruning and Tree Orientation at Planting on Growth and Anchorage

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Second Year

Root pruning by shaving 12 L container root balls when shifting to 51 L containers did not impact Acer rubrum L. or Quercus virginiana Mill. root architecture within the top 12 cm of planted 51 L root balls five years later, despite marked differences at planting, and had no impact on tree height or trunk diameter increase. Root pruning in the nursery did not affect bending stress required to tilt Acer trunks up to five degrees (anchorage) either one, two, or three years after landscape planting. In contrast, anchorage was greater the second year after planting Quercus that were root pruned. Rotating trees 180 degrees at planting from their orientation in the nursery had no impact on Acer or Quercus anchorage, tree height, or trunk diameter. Rotating oak (not maple) trees 180 degrees at planting increased root cross-sectional area growing from the hot (south) side of the root ball when trees were rotated at planting.

scholarly journals Root Pruning and Planting Depth Impact Root Morphology in Containers

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael Orfanedes
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
One Year ◽  
Tree Quality

Increasingly, producers and consumers are realizing that roots play a major role in nursery tree quality. To remain competitive, producers need to find economically viable methods of increasing quality standards. Two studies were designed to test methods of improving root systems in a container root ball. In the first, three different root pruning methods and two planting depths were imposed as 3.7 liter (1 gal) container-grown Royal poinciana [Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.] and trumpet-tree [Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton] were shifted to 25 liter (6.6 gal) containers. Root pruning and planting depth had no impact on trunk caliper or tree height. Vertical root ball slicing or shaving off the periphery of the root ball increased the number of straight roots inside root balls and reduced the presence of deflected roots, but shaving had a greater effect and was associated with consistently high-quality root systems. Trees planted with the top-most root 10 cm (4 in) below the 25 liter (6.6 gal) container substrate surface had more deflected roots and fewer straight roots than trees planted with roots close to the surface. In the second study, teasing or shaving live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill. ‘SNDL’) in 3.7 liter (1 gal) container root balls resulted in identical root systems in 57 liter (15 gal) containers one year later, and both treatments resulted in higher quality root systems than trees not root pruned.

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