scholarly journals Production and Landscape Establishment of Nursery Crops in Eastern Redcedar-Amended Substrates

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Travis R. Carmichael ◽  
Cheryl R. Boyer ◽  
Jason J. Griffin ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Catherine C. Lavis
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
Production Phase ◽  
Nursery Crops ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Substrate material used for the purpose of growing ornamental plants in the Great Plains is generally shipped a significant distance, primarily from the Southeastern United States. Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana; ERC) chips have been identified as a possible alternative to pine bark (PB) for nursery substrates. Landscape establishment of Ulmus parvifolia ‘Emer II’ (elm), Rosa ‘Radtkopink’ (rose), Ilex glabra ‘Compacta’ (holly), Miscanthus sinensis ‘Little Kitten’ (maiden grass), Gaillardia ×grandiflora (blanket flower), Sedum ‘Autumn Fire’ (sedum), Hosta ‘Sum and Substance’ (hosta), and Hemerocallis ‘Charles Johnston’ (daylily) plants were grown in three substrate mixes. Substrate mixes were composed of 80:20 PB:sand (PBS), 40:40:20 PB:ERC:sand (PBERCS) or 80:20 ERC:sand (ERCS) (by vol). The study was split into production and landscape phases. During the production phase, pH and EC were among the parameters measured. For both phases of the study, growth index (GI), SPAD, caliper and shoot- and root dry weight were measured. At the end of the production phase, differences in growth were observed in elm, holly, and maiden grass where substrates containing PB or a mixture of PB:ERC resulted in greater growth over a primarily ERC-based substrate. Sedum also exhibited growth differences, with plants growing larger in ERCS as a production substrate. At the conclusion of the landscape establishment phase, there were no observed differences in growth for tested species with the exception of holly and hosta which grew best if produced in PBS and/or PBERCS prior to transplanting based on shoot- and root dry weights as well as GI on most evaluation dates. The majority of species in this study overcame any growth shortages present at the end of production within the first growing season in the landscape. Therefore, ERC is a viable substrate option for producing and planting many nursery crops, though it is advisable for each nursery to evaluate their particular crops for production in alternative substrates.

scholarly journals Short-term Recurring Drought Affects Growth and Photosynthetic Capacity of Four Conifer Species

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
Joshua R. Pool ◽  
Jason J. Griffin ◽  
Cheryl R. Boyer ◽  
Stuart L. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Tree Survival

The Midwest and southern Great Plains are known for historic and severe droughts. More common, however, are short-term recurring drought events that can limit tree survival. The pressure of environmental stress combined with numerous diseases and pests are decimating existing Pinus L. spp. (pine) plantings and driving the effort to identify alternative species. Four species of conifer were subjected to recurring moderate or severe drought to observe the effects on growth and photosynthesis. Species evaluated were: Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann fir), Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), and Thuja × ‘Green Giant’ (‘Green Giant’ arborvitae). Recurring drought reduced height and growth index of T. × ‘Green Giant’. However, photosynthesis and root growth were unaffected by drought treatments. In contrast, reduced Pnet was the only detectable effect of recurring drought in P. engelmannii. Growth of A. nordmanniana was not affected by drought. When subjected to drought, C. arizonica reduced shoot dry weight, while maintaining photosynthesis and root growth. Overall, C. arizonica was able to maintain growth of roots and shoots as well as maintain photosynthesis which may be an advantage in the harsh climate of the Midwest and southern Great Plains.

scholarly journals Aboveground Biomass Estimation for Three Common Woody Species in the Post Oak Savannah of Texas

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian P. Oswald ◽  
R. R. Botting ◽  
Dean W. Coble ◽  
Ken W. Farrish
Keyword(s):  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Crown Area ◽  
Logarithmic Model ◽  
Post Oak

Abstract The post oak savannah of Texas contains many shrubs and trees species that lack standing biomass estimation. Nondestructive biomass prediction equations for dry weight (g) and fuel size classes (to accurately assess fuels hazards and potential fire behavior) were determined for post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.), eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.), and gum bumelia (Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. subsp. oblongifolium [Nutt] T.D. Penn) using basal diameter, height, and crown area. Five models (full model, full log model, combined variable model, logarithmic model, and combined variable model with crown area) were performed and compared. The logarithmic model provided the best results for predicting dry weight. The logarithmic model was the only one that performed well for any fuel size parameter (post oak foliage and eastern redcedar 1 hour fuel size).

scholarly journals Use of Species-specific Controlled-release Fertilizer Rates to Manage Growth and Quality of Container Nursery Crops

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Clark ◽  
Youbin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Nursery Crops ◽  
Species Specific

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) application rates or ranges for the production of five 2-gal nursery crops. Plants were evaluated following fertilization with 19N–2.6P–10.8K plus minors, 8–9 month CRF incorporated at 0.15, 0.45, 0.75, 1.05, 1.35, and 1.65 kg·m−3 nitrogen (N). The five crops tested were bigleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), ‘Green Velvet’ boxwood (Buxus ×), ‘Magic Carpet’ spirea (Spiraea japonica), ‘Palace Purple’ coral bells (Heuchera micrantha), and rose of sharon (Hibiscus syriacus). Most plant growth characteristics (i.e., growth index, plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight) were greater in high vs. low CRF treatments at the final harvest. Low CRF rates negatively impacted overall appearance and marketability. The species-specific CRF range recommendations were 1.05 to 1.35 kg·m−3 N for rose of sharon, 0.75 to 1.05 kg·m−3 N for ‘Magic Carpet’ spirea, and 0.75 to 1.35 kg·m−3 N for bigleaf hydrangea and ‘Green Velvet’ boxwood, whereas the recommended CRF rate for ‘Palace Purple’ coral bells was 0.75 kg·m−3 N. Overall, species-specific CRF application rates can be used to manage growth and quality of containerized nursery crops during production in a temperate climate.

scholarly journals Impact of Pruning Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana)

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Schmidt ◽  
Tom D. Wardle
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Forest Industries ◽  
Future Utilization

Abstract In recent years, eastern redcedar has been the most rapidly expanding tree resource in the Great Plains from Oklahoma to South Dakota, primarily in rangelands and pastures. Based on these increases and potential management-related problems, eastern redcedar is perceived as a threat to the rangeland resource. Pruning eastern redcedar can allow for increased herbaceous growth under the eastern redcedar's crown, improve livestock handling, maintain the species for diversity and habitat contributions, and improve wood quality for potential future utilization by forest industries. To determine the effect of pruning to different heights on tree growth, we compared unpruned trees' total height and diameter to trees pruned from ground level to heights of 60, 90, 120, and 150 cm. No significant differences in the total height were found for all pruning treatments over all time periods. After more than 10 yr, trees pruned to 60, 90, and 120 cm had smaller diameters at ground level than unpruned trees. There were no differences in ground diameters for trees pruned to 150 cm compared to unpruned trees after 4 yr of growth. There were no significant differences in dbh for eastern redcedar trees pruned to all heights. Management of eastern redcedar, including pruning, is recommended as an alternative to control measures. West. J. Appl. For. 17(4):189–193.

Biohydrologic effects of eastern redcedar encroachment into grassland, Oklahoma, USA

Biologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wine ◽  
Jan Hendrickx
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Woody Encroachment ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
The Usa

AbstractWoody encroachment affects the biohydrology of rangelands worldwide and can increase evapotranspiration by increasing plant rooting depth, increasing the duration of the growing season, or by initiating a process of hydrologic recovery in formerly overgrazed landscapes. Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) is encroaching rapidly into rangelands in the Southern Great Plains of the USA, and beyond, including Oklahoma. However, the degree to which increasing growing season duration causes higher evapotranspiration after encroachment is not known. Here we show that increasing the duration of the growing season in north-central Oklahoma’s water-limited climate from seven months (April–October) to 12 months increases modeled evapotranspiration only marginally, from 95% to 97% of precipitation. However, this increase in evapotranspiration with woody encroachment into grassland corresponded to a two-thirds reduction in deep drainage. This study’s estimate of the hydrologic effects of eastern redcedar encroachment is likely to be highly conservative because it does not take into account the runoff-inducing effects of livestock grazing. Comparing simulated hydrologic fluxes in the present study to past work measuring runoff from grazinglands suggests that eastern redcedar encroachment into overgrazed rangelands is likely to increase evapotranspiration significantly. Whether or not eastern redcedar encroachment effects on evapotranspiration are discernable at the watershed scale will depend on the extent of encroachment throughout the watershed. Further research is necessary to quantify how the hydrologic effects of eastern redcedar encroachment vary due to climatic gradient.

scholarly journals Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) as a Substrate Component Effects Growth of Three Tree Species

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-194
Author(s):  
Zachariah W. Starr ◽  
Cheryl R. Boyer ◽  
Jason J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Sustainable and local alternative substrates are being explored for nursery crop production due to concern over pine bark (PB) supplies and costs. This study evaluated a tree species which is weedy in the Great Plains region of the United States, eastern redcedar, processed through a hammer mill equipped with a 19 mm (3/4 in) screen size to create six substrates consisting of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80% eastern redcedar chips (ERC) and 20% sand; the remaining volume was composed of PB. Each of these substrates were then used to grow baldcypress (Taxodium distichum), Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), and silver maple (Acer saccharinum) under two fertilizer rates: either a 4.5 kg·m−3 (7.5 lbs·yd−3) low fertilizer rate or a 8.9 kg·m−3 (15 lbs·yd−3) high fertilizer rate. Substrates composed of 40 and 80% ERC had reduced container capacity, resulting in less growth of all three species. Plants responded similarly to both fertilizer rates suggesting that the limiting factor to plant growth is substrate physical properties. Plants grown in 5–20% ERC were of comparable size and quality to those grown in the control substrate. Therefore, ERC can be recommended as a PB substrate supplement, but not as a full replacement at this time.

scholarly journals Irrigation Requirements and Drought Response of Two Ornamental Grass Species

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009B-1009
Author(s):  
Erin Alvarez ◽  
Sloane M. Scheiber ◽  
David R. Sandrock
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
Drought Response ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Irrigation Requirements

Water use is the most important environmental issue facing the horticulture industry. As a result, many water management districts are recommending native plants for their putative low-water requirements. Numerous textbooks and trade journals claim native plants use less water than non-natives; however, previous research found no difference in water use efficiency in the field between native and non-native species. Furthermore, recommendations of ornamental grasses for use as low-maintenance and low-water-requiring landscape plants have recently escalated. This study evaluated non-native Miscanthus sinensis `Adagio' and the native Eragrostis spectabilis for irrigation requirements and drought response in a landscape setting. To simulate maximum stress, both species were planted into field plots in an open-sided, clear polyethylene covered shelter. Each species was irrigated on alternating days at 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75 L for a 90-day period. Growth index and height were recorded at biweekly intervals, and final shoot and root dry masses were taken at completion of the study. Significant treatment and species effects were found for height, growth index, shoot dry weight, and biomass. Plants receiving 0.75 L of irrigation had the greatest growth, and non-irrigated plants grew significantly less. Comparisons between species found growth was greatest among Eragrostis spectabilis plants for all parameters.

scholarly journals Post Harvest Processing of Eastern Redcedar and Hedge-Apple Substrates Affect Nursery Crop Growth

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Zachariah W. Starr ◽  
Cheryl R. Boyer ◽  
Jason J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
Industry Standard

Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) could be a viable container substrate for nursery crop production. It is a local, sustainable resource in regions distant from timber production areas where pine bark (PB) is processed. However, eastern redcedar chips (ERC) as a substrate have been associated with decreased container capacity and increased air space. Manipulating particle size could result in a substrate comparable to the current PB industry standard. Additionally, hedge-apple [Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid.], a common species found in the Great Plains region of the United States, could also be used as a resource for substrate construction. This study evaluated four particle sizes, 4.8, 9.5, 12.7, and 19.1 mm (3/16, ⅜, ½, and ¾ in) ERC and hedge-apple chips (HAC), and compared them to a PB control in the production of 5 plant species. Plants grown in both ERC and HAC showed few differences in growth based on substrate particle size; when growth was affected, plants grown in 4.8 mm (3/16 in) and 9.5 mm (⅜ in) particle sizes were larger than those grown in coarser 12.7 mm (½ in) and 19.1 mm (¾ in) material. However, both ERC and HAC often produced smaller plants compared to those grown in PB. Results of this study demonstrate that ERC and HAC can be viable substrates or substrate components for some plant species when the trees are processed to small particle sizes, particularly if small plants are an acceptable tradeoff for lower overhead costs.

scholarly journals Distilled Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) as an Alternative Substrate in the Production of Greenhouse-Grown Annuals

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-172
Author(s):  
Taylor A. Vandiver ◽  
Glenn B. Fain ◽  
Anna-Marie Murphy ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Alternative Substrate ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
Main Component

Peat moss is the main component used in soilless greenhouse substrates and is thus in high demand commercially. Due to both perceived environmental and economic concerns associated with peat harvest and production, an increased search for alternative substrates has occurred. A majority of the viable alternatives available to growers are wood-based substrates. These substrates are readily available and could be considered more sustainable, depending on geographic location, than peat moss. One example of these wood-based substrates is eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.). The objectives of these experiments were to evaluate post-distilled, milled eastern redcedar shavings, in varying volumetric concentrations, as a substrate component, and to compare its effectiveness to a grower's standard peat-lite mix. Petunia ×hybrida Vilm. ‘Celebrity Blue’ and Impatiens walleriana Hook.f. ‘Extreme Violet’ grown in substrates containing up to 40% eastern redcedar product had equal or greater growth index than in the standard peat-lite mix, although bloom count was reduced in one experiment. Therefore, growers could amend their substrates with up to 40% eastern redcedar shavings and see little to no change in marketable plant growth for these two annual species.

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