scholarly journals Monitoring observed changes in warm-days extremes over Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Abbasnia 1 ◽  
Hüseyin Toros2
Keyword(s):  
High Elevation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Atmospheric Humidity ◽  
Eastern Area ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Temperature Time

This study aimed to analyze warm-days changes extracted from daily maximum temperature time-series of 71 stations in Turkey during 1961–2016. First, the trend analysis of warm-days events indicated that the annual count of warm-days occurrences has been significance rising by a rate of 1.4 days per decade over more than 90 percent of the studied stations. Thus, there are consistent patterns in daily warming throughout the study area. The spatial maps showed that the lowest frequency in the minimum annual number of warm-days occurred in western areas by a total number of 21 days and its highest occurred in the eastern area by a total number of 35 days. Moreover, the highest frequency in the mean and minimum annual count of warm-days observed in the northwestern lowlands and their frequency has decreased toward the eastern mountainous. Also, the highest range of differences between the annual count of maximum and minimum values has happened in the eastern regions which are characterized by high elevation and the lower existence of atmospheric humidity. Therefore, a higher moisture content of the atmosphere in lowland coastal stations favors severe warm-days and the increased risk of human health.

Altitudinal Variation in the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Snow Gum, Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng. V. Rate of Acclimation to an Altered Growth Environment

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
RO Slayter ◽  
PJ Ferrar
Keyword(s):  
Control Level ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Temperature Optimum ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Temperature Optima ◽  
Maximum Minimum

Established, field-grown, seedlings of Eucalyptus pauciflora were transferred from high- and low- elevation field sites to a controlled-environment greenhouse in Canberra (maximum/minimum daily temperature range 26/15°) and the pattern of photosynthetic acclimation observed. Levels of net photosynthesis, Pamb, intracellular resistance rI, and leaf gas-phase resistance to CO2 transfer (r1) were monitored, as were the temperature optima for these parameters. Acclimation proceeded most rapidly in the material grown at the warmer, low-elevation, site (955 m), and in the low-elevation population. Daily maximum/minimum temperatures at this site for the 10 days prior to transfer averaged 23/11°. With this material, levels of, and the temperature optimum for, Pamb reached control levels within 6 days of transfer from the field environment. By comparison, Pamb in the high-elevation population grown at the high-elevation (tree-line) site (1910 m) where the 10-day temperature averaged 15/7°, did not reach control levels until 14 days after transfer, and the temperature optimum for Pamb required 20 days to reach the control level. In general, the patterns of change in rI and r1 paralleled those in Pamb. Both the level of physiological activity in the field, and the temperature differences between the field and greenhouse environment, appeared to affect the rate of acclimation. Immediately after transfer from the field, the temperature optima of the high-and low-elevation populations were close to the daily maximum temperature of the respective field environments. The temperature optimum of the high-elevation material grown at the low-elevation site was intermediate in value. At the conclusion of the acclimation period, the temperature optima of both high-elevation populations had converged to a value similar to that of the high-elevation control (about 22°); similarly, the temperature optimum of the low-elevation populations had reached the level of the low-elevation control (27°) These various temperature optima are interpreted on the basis that each population has a 'preferred' temperature which can be modified by different effective growth temperatures to yield different optima in different thermal environments. In the field, the effective temperature appears to be intermediate between the prevailing maximum and minimum temperatures.

Summer Temperature and All-cause Mortality from 2006 to 2015 for Smart City Jaipur, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 097206342110116
Author(s):  
Suresh K. Rathi ◽  
P. R. Sodani ◽  
Suresh Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Mean

A considerable association between temperature and all-cause mortality has been documented in various studies. Further insights can be obtained from studying the impact of temperature and heat index (HI) for Jaipur city’s all-cause mortality. The objective of this work was to assess the association between the extreme heat (daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, daily mean temperature, relative humidity and HI) and all-cause mortality for summer months (March to June) from 2006 to 2015 for urban population of Jaipur. For summer months, we collected the data on various temperature and all-cause mortality parameters for at least 10 years. The student’s t-test and ANOVA were used to analyse variations in mean temperature, maximum temperature and HI. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the relationship between ambient heat and lag time effect all-cause mortality. A total of 75,571 deaths (all-cause mortality) for 1,203 summer days (2006–2015) were analysed in relation to temperature and relative humidity. The mean daily all-cause mortality has been estimated at 62.8 ± 15.2 for the study period. There is a significant increase of 39% per day all-cause mortality at the maximum temperature of 45 °C and above. However only 10% rise per day all-cause mortality for extreme danger days (HI > 54 °C). The mean daily all-cause mortality shows a significant association with daily maximum temperature ( F = 34.6, P < .0001) and HI (discomfort index) from caution to extreme danger risk days ( F = 5.0, P < .0019). The lag effect of extreme heat on all-cause mortality for the study period (2006 to 2015) was at a peak period on the same day of the maximum temperature ( r = 0.245 at P < .01) but continues up to four days. The study concludes that the effect of ambient heat on all-cause mortality increase is clearly evident (rise of 39% deaths/day). Accordingly, focus should be put on developing adaptation measures against ambient heat. This analysis may satisfy policy makers’ needs. Extreme heat-related mortality needs further study to reduce adverse effects on health among Jaipur’s urban population.

The relationship between temperature and digital hate – strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Stechemesser ◽  
Leonie Wenz ◽  
Maximilian Kotz ◽  
Anders Levermann
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

&lt;p&gt;Temperature has been identified as a potential cause for human conflict. Conflict poses a fundamental obstacle to Sustainable Development Goal 16 which acknowledges the importance of building peace, justice and strong institutions for people around the world. Today, conflict is no longer limited to the physical space. The increasing digitalization of all areas of everyday life reinforces the impact of cyber racism, cyber discrimination and online hate. It disproportionally affects groups with an already increased risk of marginalization such as women, lgbtq+ youth or people of color, causing affected persons to feel unsafe in digital spaces and limiting their access to online services. Twitter is one of the biggest social media platforms with more than 300 million active users around the world. We provide evidence that the amount of racist content posted to Twitter is non-linearly influenced by temperature. Exploiting the linguistic plurality of Europe, we investigate the relationship between daily maximum temperature and racist or xenophobic content online using a fixed-effects panel-regression approach for countries spanning multiple European climatic zones. Racist tweets are lowest between daily temperatures of 8&amp;#176;C to 17&amp;#176;C whereas ambient temperatures warmer or colder are associated with steep, non-linear increases. Within the next 30 years, temperatures are projected to shift with new heat extremes being reached. To quantify the potential impact on cyber hate, the number of days outside this range, weighted by the identified temperature-racist-tweet response curve is projected to increase across Europe. Results suggest, that future warming and more extreme temperatures could aggravate xenophobia and racism online, further hindering the achievement of SDG 16 and posing a challenge for future human well-being. &amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Heat waves characteristics and their relation to air quality in Athens

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 919-928 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Suburban Site

<div> <p>This paper studies the characteristics of the heat waves that were observed in Athens, Greece since 1951. A heat wave is detected when two temperature criteria are fulfilled at the city centre: the daily maximum temperature value is at least 37 <sup>o</sup>C and the daily average temperature value is at least 31 <sup>o</sup>C. Information about the intensity, duration, timing in season and annual frequency of occurrence of heat waves were extracted. The slope of the linear fit of the annual number of heat wave days indicated that 1.30 more heat wave days per year were observed after 1992. The intensity and the duration of heat waves have also increased since 90s, while heat wave days have been detected during the whole summer since then, even during the first days of September. Additionally, air quality at the centre and at a suburb of Athens during the heat wave days that were identified during the last decade is examined. The daily average value of PM<sub>10</sub> concentration exceeded 50 μg m<sup>-3</sup> in 65% and 59% of the heat wave days at the urban and the suburban site, respectively, while the information and the alert O<sub>3</sub> threshold were exceeded in 17% and 5% of the heat wave days, respectively, at the suburban site. The degradation of air quality during heat wave days is also verified by the means of the common air quality index. Moreover, it was found that O<sub>3</sub> levels decrease when heat waves last more than 6 days.&nbsp;</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Effects of Weather Conditions in Summer on the Maintenance Behavior of Western Grey Kangaroos, Macropus-Fuliginosus

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
E Lecrivain ◽  
KG Johnson ◽  
A Grassia
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Cyclic Patterns ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Behavior ◽  
Radiant Temperature

The behaviour of seven western grey kangaroos was observed, in a 0.2 ha paddock of annual pasture over nine days on which the daily maximum temperature ranged from 22�C to 42�C. Grazing, standing and lying activities and use of shade were recorded. Regression and fourier analyses were used to relate behavioural measurements to environmental conditions. Cyclic patterns of grazing and lying closely followed those of ambient and radiant temperatures. When maximum radiant and ambient temperatures were higher, grazing began later in the evening and ceased earlier in the morning. Grazing time decreased as daytime radiation and relative humidity rose. With increasing heat load, animals lay down more during the day; the radiant temperature in the sun between 0600 and 0900 h determined when they first lay down while radiant temperature in the shade determined when animals moved to shade. Environmental conditions did not greatly influence the time spent standing, but animals stood for more of their resting time with increased daytime humidity. Individuals differed in the mean times spent on major activities, but not in the timing of these activities or the use of shade.

scholarly journals Spatial Characteristics of Heat Extremes in South Korea from the Climatological Mean Perspective

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Doo-Sun R. Park ◽  
Suyeon Yang ◽  
Hyung Wook Cho ◽  
Tae-Won Park
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Onset Date ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Eastern Area ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Heat Extremes

We investigated the spatial characteristics of heat extremes in South Korea from the climatological mean perspective. A heat extreme was defined as a day when the daily maximum temperature was higher than 33 °C. According to our analyses, the eastern area of the Sobaek and Taebaek mountain ranges (hereafter called the eastern district) is significantly more exposed to heat extremes compared to other areas. The onset date and total number of days of annual heat extremes in the eastern district are approximately 13 days earlier and 3 days higher than those in the western district on average, respectively. Likewise, the annual mean of daily maximum temperatures during heat extreme days are approximately 0.25 °C higher. This larger exposure to heat extremes in the eastern district appears to be attributable to the Föhn phenomenon, which is likely induced by the dominant southwesterly monsoon during the early-to-peak summer. In contrast, differences in the ending dates of annual heat extremes are not noticeable between the eastern and western districts, when the southerly winds are dominant. Our analyses suggest that heat extremes in South Korea cannot be understood by a simple function of latitude, but in conjunction with atmospheric physical processes.

scholarly journals Determining Temperature Extreme in Warri City, Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 160-166
Author(s):  
Y. S. Onifade ◽  
V. B. Olaseni
Keyword(s):  
Least Square ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Temperature Extreme ◽  
Monthly Temperature ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
The Hours ◽  
The Mean

Climate change and global warming which is also known as a change in Earth’s overall climate or rising temperature have taken centre stage in international concerns, several fora and treaties have been observed with a view of stemming trend, in rising temperatures. This study evaluated ten years of maximum and minimum annual temperature of Warri  in Nigeria between (2005 and 2015) to determine trends and identified extreme fluctuation in temperature. Data used for this study were sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency’s Zonal Office, Warri. An objective method for determining temperature extreme has been used. Least square linear regression equation has been used to estimate temperature that would be equalled or surpassed 1%, 5% and 10% of the hours at any given location during the warmest and coldest months of the year. These equations are based on an index calculated from the three readily available parameters; the mean monthly temperature, the mean daily maximum temperature for the month and the mean daily minimum temperature for the month. The warmest month in Warri was March with a mean monthly temperature of 33.9 while the coldest month was July with mean monthly of 25.8.

scholarly journals Social media reveal ecoregional variation in how weather influences visitor behavior in U.S. National Park Service units

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Wilkins ◽  
Peter D. Howe ◽  
Jordan W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
National Park Service ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Daily Weather ◽  
Visitor Behavior ◽  
Park Service ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDaily weather affects total visitation to parks and protected areas, as well as visitors’ experiences. However, it is unknown if and how visitors change their spatial behavior within a park due to daily weather conditions. We investigated the impact of daily maximum temperature and precipitation on summer visitation patterns within 110 U.S. National Park Service units. We connected 489,061 geotagged Flickr photos to daily weather, as well as visitors’ elevation and distance to amenities (i.e., roads, waterbodies, parking areas, and buildings). We compared visitor behavior on cold, average, and hot days, and on days with precipitation compared to days without precipitation, across fourteen ecoregions within the continental U.S. Our results suggest daily weather impacts where visitors go within parks, and the effect of weather differs substantially by ecoregion. In most ecoregions, visitors stayed closer to infrastructure on rainy days. Temperature also affects visitors’ spatial behavior within parks, but there was not a consistent trend across ecoregions. Importantly, parks in some ecoregions contain more microclimates than others, which may allow visitors to adapt to unfavorable conditions. These findings suggest visitors’ spatial behavior in parks may change in the future due to the increasing frequency of hot summer days.

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