scholarly journals Heat waves characteristics and their relation to air quality in Athens

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 919-928 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Suburban Site

<div> <p>This paper studies the characteristics of the heat waves that were observed in Athens, Greece since 1951. A heat wave is detected when two temperature criteria are fulfilled at the city centre: the daily maximum temperature value is at least 37 <sup>o</sup>C and the daily average temperature value is at least 31 <sup>o</sup>C. Information about the intensity, duration, timing in season and annual frequency of occurrence of heat waves were extracted. The slope of the linear fit of the annual number of heat wave days indicated that 1.30 more heat wave days per year were observed after 1992. The intensity and the duration of heat waves have also increased since 90s, while heat wave days have been detected during the whole summer since then, even during the first days of September. Additionally, air quality at the centre and at a suburb of Athens during the heat wave days that were identified during the last decade is examined. The daily average value of PM<sub>10</sub> concentration exceeded 50 μg m<sup>-3</sup> in 65% and 59% of the heat wave days at the urban and the suburban site, respectively, while the information and the alert O<sub>3</sub> threshold were exceeded in 17% and 5% of the heat wave days, respectively, at the suburban site. The degradation of air quality during heat wave days is also verified by the means of the common air quality index. Moreover, it was found that O<sub>3</sub> levels decrease when heat waves last more than 6 days.&nbsp;</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Analysis of the extreme heat events in Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hojjatollah Yazdanpanah ◽  
Josef Eitzinger ◽  
Marina Baldi
Keyword(s):  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hot Days

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the spatial and temporal variations of extreme hot days (H*) and heat wave frequencies across Iran. Design/methodology/approach The authors used daily maximum temperature (Tmax) data of 27 synoptic stations in Iran. These data were standardized using the mean and the standard deviation of each day of the year. An extreme hot day was defined when the Z score of daily maximum temperature of that day was equal or more than a given threshold fixed at 1.7, while a heat wave event was considered to occur when the Z score exceeds the threshold for at least three continuous days. According to these criteria, the annual frequency of extreme hot days and the number of heat waves were determined for all stations. Findings The trend analysis of H* shows a positive trend during the past two decades in Iran, with the maximum number of H* (110 cases) observed in 2010. A significant trend of the number of heat waves per year was also detected during 1991-2013 in all the stations. Overall, results indicate that Iran has experienced heat waves in recent years more often than its long-term average. There will be more frequent and intense hot days and heat waves across Iran until 2050, due to estimated increase of mean air temperature between 0.5-1.1 and 0.8-1.6 degree centigrade for Rcp2.6 and Rcp8.8 scenarios, respectively. Originality/value The trend analysis of hot days and heat wave frequencies is a particularly original aspect of this paper. It is very important for policy- and decision-makers especially in agriculture and health sectors of Iran to make some adaptation strategies for future frequent and intense hot days over Iran.

scholarly journals A Stepwise-Clustered Simulation Approach for Projecting Future Heat Wave Over Guangdong Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayan Ren ◽  
Guohe Huang ◽  
Yongping Li ◽  
Xiong Zhou ◽  
Jinliang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Simulation Approach

A heat wave is an important meteorological extreme event related to global warming, but little is known about the characteristics of future heat waves in Guangdong. Therefore, a stepwise-clustered simulation approach driven by multiple global climate models (i.e., GCMs) is developed for projecting future heat waves over Guangdong under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs). The temporal-spatial variations of four indicators (i.e., intensity, total intensity, frequency, and the longest duration) of projected heat waves, as well as the potential changes in daily maximum temperature (i.e., Tmax) for future (i.e., 2006–2095) and historical (i.e., 1976–2005) periods, were analyzed over Guangdong. The results indicated that Guangdong would endure a notable increasing annual trend in the projected Tmax (i.e., 0.016–0.03°C per year under RCP4.5 and 0.027–0.057°C per year under RCP8.5). Evaluations of the multiple GCMs and their ensemble suggested that the developed approach performed well, and the model ensemble was superior to any single GCM in capturing the features of heat waves. The spatial patterns and interannual trends displayed that Guangdong would undergo serious heat waves in the future. The variations of intensity, total intensity, frequency, and the longest duration of heat wave are likely to exceed 5.4°C per event, 24°C, 25 days, and 4 days in the 2080s under RCP8.5, respectively. Higher variation of those would concentrate in eastern and southwestern Guangdong. It also presented that severe heat waves with stronger intensity, higher frequency, and longer duration would have significant increasing tendencies over all Guangdong, which are expected to increase at a rate of 0.14, 0.83, and 0.21% per year under RCP8.5, respectively. Over 60% of Guangdong would suffer the moderate variation of heat waves to the end of this century under RCP8.5. The findings can provide decision makers with useful information to help mitigate the potential impacts of heat waves on pivotal regions as well as ecosystems that are sensitive to extreme temperature.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Environmental and Societal Impacts of the Category-3 Typhoon Hato

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. H. Chow ◽  
Min Wen ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
Marco Y. T. Leung ◽  
Paxson K. Y. Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Astronomical Tide ◽  
Extreme High Temperature

The destructiveness and potential hazards brought to the Pearl River Delta (PRD) by the category-3 typhoon Hato in 2017 have been studied. The results show that wind flow is one of the key parameters influenced by tropical cyclones. The observed wind at Shenzhen station changed from median southwesterly and calm northerly to strong easterly during the evolution of Hato as it approached the PRD and during landfall, respectively. The peak wind intensity at the surface level and a height of 300 m reached over 17 m s−1 and 30 m s−1, respectively. In Zhuhai, the area closest to the landfall location, the situ observation shows that the maximum wind and the maximum gust on 23 August 2017 reached 29.9 m s−1 and over 50 m s−1, respectively, which is a record-breaking intensity compared with the highest recorded intensity during tropical cyclone (TC) activity in Vicente in 2012. The maximum sea level during 23 August 2017, with an added influence from the storm surge and the astronomical tide, was found to be over 3.9 m to the west of Hong Kong. Extreme high temperature was also recorded on 22 August 2017 before the landfall, with 38.4, 38, and 36.9 °C of daily maximum temperature in Shenzhen, Macao, and Hong Kong, respectively. Based on the heat index calculated with the temperature record at Shenzhen’s station, the hot temperature hazard reached “danger” levels. On the other hand, a prominent air quality deterioration was observed on 21 August 2017. The concentrations rapidly increased to 1 time greater than those on the previous day in Hong Kong. The TC-induced sinking motion, continental advection, and less amount of cloud cover were observed before the landfall, and would be the possible factors causing the extreme high temperature and the poor air quality. This case study illustrates that the influences of Hato to the PRD were not only limited to their destructiveness during landfall, but also brought the extreme high temperature and poor air quality.

scholarly journals Responses of Manduca sexta larvae to heat waves

2021 ◽  
pp. jeb.236505
Author(s):  
Joel G. Kingsolver ◽  
M. Elizabeth Moore ◽  
Kate E. Augustine ◽  
Christina A. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Developmental Timing ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Experimental Heat

Climate change is increasing the frequency of heat waves and other extreme weather events experienced by organisms. How does the number and developmental timing of heat waves affect survival, growth and development of insects? Do heat waves early in development alter performance later in development? We addressed these questions using experimental heat waves with larvae of the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta. The experiments used diurnally fluctuating temperature treatments differing in the number (0-3) and developmental timing (early, middle and/or late in larval development) of heat waves, in which a single heat wave involved three consecutive days with a daily maximum temperature of 42 °C. Survival to pupation declines with increasing number of heat waves. Multiple (but not single) heat waves significantly reduced development time and pupal mass; the best models for the data indicated that both the number and developmental timing of heat waves affected performance. In addition, heat waves earlier in development significantly reduced growth and development rates later in larval development. Our results illustrate how the frequency and developmental timing of sublethal heat waves can have important consequences for life history traits in insects.

scholarly journals Establishment and Evaluation of the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT Model (CMADS)

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianyong Meng ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Chunxiang Shi ◽  
Yiping Wu ◽  
Xiaonan Ji
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Soil And Water

We describe the construction of a very important forcing dataset of average daily surface climate over East Asia—the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model (CMADS). This dataset can either drive the SWAT model or other hydrologic models, such as the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC), the Soil and Water Integrated Model (SWIM), etc. It contains several climatological elements—daily maximum temperature (°C), daily average temperature (°C), daily minimum temperature (°C), daily average relative humidity (%), daily average specific humidity (g/kg), daily average wind speed (m/s), daily 24 h cumulative precipitation (mm), daily mean surface pressure (HPa), daily average solar radiation (MJ/m2), soil temperature (K), and soil moisture (mm3/mm3). In order to suit the various resolutions required for research, four versions of the CMADS datasets were created—from CMADS V1.0 to CMADS V1.3. We have validated the source data of the CMADS datasets using 2421 automatic meteorological stations in China to confirm the accuracy of this dataset. We have also formatted the dataset so as to drive the SWAT model conveniently. This dataset may have applications in hydrological modelling, agriculture, coupled hydrological and meteorological modelling, and meteorological analysis.

Seasonal analysis of warm extreme events in Serbia from 1949 to 2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Tosic ◽  
Suzana Putniković ◽  
Milica Tošić
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Events ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Extreme Temperature Events ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Seasonal Analysis ◽  
Novi Sad

&lt;p&gt;Worldwide studies revealed a general increase in frequency and severity of warm extreme temperature events. In this study, extreme temperature events including Heat waves (HWs) are examined. Extreme indices are calculated based on daily maximum temperature (Tx). The following definitions are employed: SU - number of days with Tx &gt; 25 &amp;#176;C, umber of days with Tx &gt; 90&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; percentile, and WSDI - number of days in intervals of at least six consecutive days for which Tx is higher than the calendar day 90&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; percentile. Daily values of air temperatures from 11 meteorological stations distributed across Serbia were used for the period 1949&amp;#8211;2017.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Trends of extreme temperature events and their frequencies are examined. The period 1949&amp;#8211;2017 are characterised by a warming of extreme temperature indices (SU, Tx90, HWs). It is found that maximum air temperatures increased at all stations, but statistically significant at 6 stations in winter, 4 stations in summer and two stations in spring. The average number of SU per station was between 63.1 in Novi Sad to 73.5 in Negotin during the summer season. Significant increase of SU is recorded in summer for 10 out of 11 stations. Positive trends of SU and Tx90 are observed for all stations and seasons, except in Novi Sad. The average number of Tx90 is about 9 for all stations in all seasons. The longest heat waves prevailed in 2012, but the most severe are recorded in 2007. Increasing of warm extreme events in Serbia are in agreement with studies for different regions of the world.&lt;/p&gt;

Model evaluation for Heatwaves over South Korea in CMIP6 models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Seon Oh ◽  
Maeng-Ki Kim ◽  
Dae-Geun Yu ◽  
Jeong Sang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Circulation Index ◽  
Convective Activity ◽  
Simulation Performance ◽  
Diagnostic Indices

&lt;p&gt;In this study, we defined diagnostic indices to evaluate the CMIP6 models based on the heatwaves mechanisms of Korea presented in previous studies. Based on this, the simulation performance of the model was quantitatively evaluated using Relative Error (RE), Inter-annual Variability Skill-score (IVS), and Correlation Coefficient (CC). The REs in diagnostic indices are still large, especially in heat wave circulation index (HWCI) and Indian summer monsoon rainfall index (IMRI), which is mainly due to weak convective activity bias over the northwestern Pacific Ocean and the northwestern India. However, the IVSs in diagnostic indices have been improved overall in the CMIP6 compared to the CMIP5, especially in the IMRI. The CC between the daily maximum temperature (TMAX) and the diagnostic factors in the model is very higher in HWCI than other indices, indicating that the convective activity over the northwestern Pacific is very important in heat wave in Korea. As a result, the total ranking of the model performance for heatwaves in Korea suggested that EC-Earth3-Veg, EC-Earth3, and UKESM-1-0-LL ranked high in CMIP6.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This work was funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant KMI(KMI2018-03410)&lt;/p&gt;

Database of major European heat waves from 1950 to present

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondřej Lhotka ◽  
Jan Kyselý
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Driving Mechanisms

&lt;p&gt;Europe experienced several major heat waves in the recent summers, substantially affecting human society and environment. Heat waves are generally related to joint effect of perturbed atmospheric circulation and anomalies in surface energy budget, and they are often linked to hydrological preconditioning. Contributions of these driving mechanisms, however, vary across European climatic zones. Climate models struggle to simulate the spatial differences properly, ultimately leading to large uncertainties in future heat waves&amp;#8217; characteristics. As the first step towards identifying spatial patterns of differences between driving mechanisms of temperature extremes, a pan-European database of observed major heat waves has been created. Heat waves are studied using the E-OBS 20.0e dataset in 0.1&amp;#176; horizontal grid spacing, which is analogous to that used in the ERA5 reanalysis and CORDEX regional climate models. Magnitude of heat waves is defined with respect to local daily maximum temperature (Tmax) variance, using multiples of standard deviation of Tmax summed across individual events. For each heat wave, circulation conditions and surface energy fluxes are analysed using the ERA5 reanalysis, in order to study their links to the heat wave magnitude and geographical location. In the next step, these findings are used for analyzing spatial patterns of heat wave mechanisms and as a source of reference data for evaluation of relevant processes in climate models.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Neonates in Ahmedabad, India, during the 2010 Heat Wave: A Climate Change Adaptation Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khyati Kakkad ◽  
Michelle L. Barzaga ◽  
Sylvan Wallenstein ◽  
Gulrez Shah Azhar ◽  
Perry E. Sheffield
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Maternity Ward

Health effects from climate change are an international concern with urban areas at particular risk due to urban heat island effects. The burden of disease on vulnerable populations in non-climate-controlled settings has not been well studied. This study compared neonatal morbidity in a non-air-conditioned hospital during the 2010 heat wave in Ahmedabad to morbidity in the prior and subsequent years. The outcome of interest was neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions for heat. During the months of April, May, and June of 2010, 24 NICU admissions were for heat versus 8 and 4 in 2009 and 2011, respectively. Both the effect of moving the maternity ward and the effect of high temperatures were statistically significant, controlling for each other. Above 42 degrees Celsius, each daily maximum temperature increase of a degree was associated with 43% increase in heat-related admissions (95% CI 9.2–88%). Lower floor location of the maternity ward within hospital which occurred after the 2010 heat wave showed a protective effect. These findings demonstrate the importance of simple surveillance measures in motivating a hospital policy change for climate change adaptation—here relocating one ward—and the potential increasing health burden of heat in non-climate-controlled institutions on vulnerable populations.

scholarly journals Outdoor temperature and survival benefit of empiric potassium in users of furosemide in US Medicaid enrollees: a cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e023809
Author(s):  
Young Hee Nam ◽  
Warren B Bilker ◽  
Charles E Leonard ◽  
Michelle L Bell ◽  
Sean Hennessy
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Survival Benefit ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Total N ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Daily Average Temperature ◽  
All Cause Mortality

ObjectiveHeat is associated with elevated all-cause mortality, and furosemide-induced potassium depletion might be worsened by heat-induced sweating. Because empiric potassium is associated with a marked survival benefit in users of furosemide at a dose of ≥40 mg/day, we hypothesised that this empiric potassium’s survival benefit would increase with higher temperature (≥24°C).DesignCohort study.SettingOutpatient setting, captured by Medicaid claims, supplemented with Medicare claims for dual enrollees, from 5 US states from 1999 to 2010, linked to meteorological data.Population/ParticipantsFurosemide (≥40 mg/day) initiators among adults continuously enrolled in Medicaid for at least 1 year prior to cohort entry (defined as the day following the dispensing day of each individual’s first observed furosemide prescription).ExposureInteraction between: (1) empiric potassium, dispensed the day of or the day following the dispensing of the initial furosemide prescription, and (2) daily average temperature and daily maximum temperature, examined separately.OutcomeAll-cause mortality.ResultsIn 1:1 propensity score matched cohorts (total n=211 878) that included 89 335 person-years and 9007 deaths, all-cause mortality rates per 1000 person-years were 96.0 (95% CI 93.2 to 98.9) and 105.8 (95% CI 102.8 to 108.9) for potassium users and non-users, respectively. The adjusted OR of all-cause mortality for potassium use declined (ie, its apparent protective effect increased) as temperature increased, from a daily average temperature of about 28°C and a daily maximum temperature of about 31°C. This relationship was not statistically significant with daily average temperature, but was statistically significant with daily maximum temperature (p values for the interaction of potassium with daily maximum temperature and daily maximum temperature squared were 0.031 and 0.028, respectively).ConclusionsThe results suggest that empiric potassium’s survival benefit among furosemide (≥40 mg/day) initiators may increase as daily maximum temperature increases. If this relationship is real, use of empiric potassium in Medicaid enrollees initiating furosemide might be particularly important on hot days.

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