scholarly journals Pattern and Characterisation of Human casualties in Sundarban by Tiger attacks, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandan Surabhi Das
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Reserve Forest ◽  
Human Animal

A large number of people of the fringe areas of Sundarban enter into the forests every year and encounter with the tigers simply for their livelihood. This study attempts to examine the extent and impact of human-animal conflicts in the Sundarban Reserve Forest (SRF) area in West Bengal, India. An intensive study of the data of the victims (both death and injury) between 1999 and 2014 reveals that, fishermen crab collector, honey collectors and woodcutters are generally victimized by the tiger attack. Pre monsoon period (April to June) and early winter period (Jan to March) are noted for the two-peak periods for casualties. Maximum casualty occurs between 8-10 am, and 2-4 pm. Jhilla (21.1%), Pirkhali (19.72 %), Chandkhali (11.72%), and Arbesi (9.35%) are the four most vulnerable forest blocks accounting more than 60 per cent occurrence of incidences. 67.24 per cent of the tiger attack victims were residents of Gosaba followed by Hingalganja (15%) and Basanti, (9.76%). The vulnerability rating puts the risk of tiger attack to 0.88 for every 10,000 residents of Gosaba block followed by 0.33 at Hingalganj Block and 0.11 at Bansanti Block. The majority of the victims (68%) were found to be males, aged between 30 and 50 years.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Low Cost Protected Structure for Commercial Cultivation of Dendrobium Cv. Sonia under Assam Condition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Punam Saikia ◽  
Pradip Mahanta
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Healthy Growth

Background: Dendrobiums are most popular high value cut flowers which require special attention during cultivation. In Assam, Dendrobium orchids are normally grown under iron frame shade net houses which are quite vulnerable to cold injury during extreme winter period and heavy rain during monsoon period. Further, the existing structures are very costly which is not affordable by small and marginal farmers of Assam. Keeping in view the current study was aimed to evaluate a suitable low cost protected structure for commercial cultivation of Dendrobium cv. Sonia under Assam condition. Methods: An experiment was conducted in the Horticulture Experimental Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, during 2018-2019 which was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with 10 treatment combinations replicated five times. The first factors comprised 5 numbers of low cost protected structures viz., G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5. The second factors comprised T1-1 tier and T2-2 tiers. Result: The results revealed that among the protected structures, healthy growth and better quality flowers were obtained under G1 (Bamboo frame structure covered with fixed 200 micron UV film with top ventilated and 50% agro shade net as ceiling) protected structure followed by G4. Between the tiers, T2 was found to be superior in respect of the growth characters as well as most of the flower characters. So, this treatment combination is merits consideration for commercial growers of Assam to bring about timely and quality flower production of Dendrobium cv. Sonia.

scholarly journals Modelling the impacts of iodine chemistry on the northern Indian Ocean marine boundary layer

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 8437-8454
Author(s):  
Anoop S. Mahajan ◽  
Qinyi Li ◽  
Swaleha Inamdar ◽  
Kirpa Ram ◽  
Alba Badia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Iodine Chemistry ◽  
Inorganic Iodine

Abstract. Recent observations have shown the ubiquitous presence of iodine oxide (IO) in the Indian Ocean marine boundary layer (MBL). In this study, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem version 3.7.1), including halogen (Br, Cl, and I) sources and chemistry, to quantify the impacts of the observed levels of iodine on the chemical composition of the MBL. The model results show that emissions of inorganic iodine species resulting from the deposition of ozone (O3) on the sea surface are needed to reproduce the observed levels of IO, although the current parameterizations overestimate the atmospheric concentrations. After reducing the inorganic emissions by 40 %, a reasonable match with cruise-based observations is found, with the model predicting values between 0.1 and 1.2 pptv across the model domain MBL. A strong seasonal variation is also observed, with lower iodine concentrations predicted during the monsoon period, when clean oceanic air advects towards the Indian subcontinent, and higher iodine concentrations predicted during the winter period, when polluted air from the Indian subcontinent increases the ozone concentrations in the remote MBL. The results show that significant changes are caused by the inclusion of iodine chemistry, with iodine-catalysed reactions leading to regional changes of up to 25 % in O3, 50 % in nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), 15 % in hydroxyl radicals (OH), 25 % in hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2), and up to a 50 % change in the nitrate radical (NO3), with lower mean values across the domain. Most of the large relative changes are observed in the open-ocean MBL, although iodine chemistry also affects the chemical composition in the coastal environment and over the Indian subcontinent. These results show the importance of including iodine chemistry in modelling the atmosphere in this region.

The effect of paraquat on oestrogenic isoflavones in Dwalganup subterranean clover

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (47) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
DW Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Grazed Pastures ◽  
Lethal Doses

Paraquat was sprayed at sub-lethal doses on young clover plants. It decreased leaf isoflavone concentrations by more than 30 per cent. This response was not associated with the defoliating effect of paraquat. The relevance of the finding to grazed pastures is discussed. We argue that our results may be extrapolated to the autumn-early winter period, but not to spring.

Thermal comfort analysis of Indian subjects in multi-storeyed apartments: An adaptive approach in composite climate

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1216-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailza Singh ◽  
Prabhjot Singh Chani
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Thermal Perception ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Male Subjects

This paper investigated the effects of gender, age, seasonal differences and exposure of occupants to heat absorbed in the roof, on their thermal responses in naturally ventilated apartments. A simple linear regression was conducted to estimate the comfort temperatures and comfort range of the surveyed subjects. A year-round study, involving over 55 apartments and 71 subjects, had collated a data-set of 852 in total. The findings revealed that females are more sensitive to the environmental changes as compared to the male subjects, although both categories have shown a negligible difference in the neutral temperatures. Similarly, the elderly were found to have a narrow comfort range and high thermal sensitivity. The slope of the regression (indicating the thermal sensitivity) was observed to be higher in the summer (0.23/℃) and monsoon period (0.31/℃) and lower in the winter period (0.15/℃). The exposure to temperature near the roof was shown to have exhibited some significant impact on the thermal perception of occupants.

scholarly journals Sensitivity studies on the air flow characteristics In Kharagpur using a meso-scale model

MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-336
Author(s):  
D LOHAR ◽  
B CHAKRAVARTY ◽  
B. Pal
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Sea Breezes ◽  
Differential Heating ◽  
South West

  A three-dimensional hydrostatic model has been employed for the study of sea breeze circulations over south West Bengal with special reference to an inland station Kharagpur (22°.21' N, 87° 19'E). A series of sensitivity experiments have been performed to stress the Importance of differential heating on circulation over south West Bengal during pre-monsoon period. It is found that due to differential heating rate between land and sea surfaces, sea breezes can penetrate to the inland station Kharagpur and beyond even in case of moderate gradient wind. Surface observations at Kharagpur and pilot balloon observation at nearby station Kalaikunda are used to compare the model results. The onset of sea breezes, variation of the air temperature and humidity are In fairly good agreement whereas It over estimates the depth of the circulation and cannot predict the variation  of the late morning hours surface wind.

Refugee Resettlement in Forest Reserves: West Bengal Policy Reversal and the Marichjhapi Massacre

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Mallick
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Refugee Resettlement ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Reserve Forest ◽  
Ganges Delta ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Ganges

While boating down the ganges delta on a visit to the Reserve Forest Tiger Sanctuary, I noticed on the bank some idols overlooking the river. When I asked about their significance, it was explained that a tiger had killed and carried off a girl; these idols were meant to ward off future attacks. Since I was on tour with a West Bengal government Secretary who had police bodyguards to protect him against pirates and tigers, we had none of the apprehensions locals experienced. As the launch continued downstream, the conversation among the government officials took an unexpected turn. They talked of a massacre in the area of Untouchable refugees who had illegally settled in the protected forest reserve: the killings were said to number in the thousands of families.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Early-Winter Caribou, Rangifer tarandus caribou, Feeding Sites in the Southern Purcell Mountains, British Columbia

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor A. Kinley ◽  
John Bergenske ◽  
Julie-Anne Davies ◽  
David Quinn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Caribou ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Winter Habitat

Mountain Caribou are a rare ecotype of Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) inhabiting the high-snowfall region of southeastern British Columbia, and are defined by their late-winter reliance on arboreal hair lichen of the genus Bryoria. During early winter, there is considerable variation in habitat use among populations. We snow-trailed Caribou in the southern Purcell Mountains during early winter to determine foraging patterns for the Purcell population. When snow was ≤51 cm deep, Caribou fed on Grouseberry (Vaccinium scoparium), the terrestrial lichen Cladonia, and arboreal lichens of the genus Bryoria. When snow was ≥62 cm deep, they ate exclusively arboreal lichens. In both periods, Caribou ate arboreal lichen from essentially every downed tree or branch encountered and fed with a higher intensity at downed trees than standing trees. During the low-snow period, Caribou fed at fewer trees but used those with greater lichen abundance, and fed more intensively at each, compared to the deep-snow period. In comparison to trees occurring on the foraging path but at which Caribou did not feed, those from which arboreal lichen was foraged intensively were of larger diameter, had greater lichen abundance, and were more likely to be Subalpine Fir (Abies lasiocarpa) or Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii) and less likely to be Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis), Lodgepole Pine (P. contorta) or Alpine Larch (Larix lyalli). The shift in diet between the low-snow and deep-snow periods reflected two modes of foraging within the early winter period, distinct from one another and apparently also distinct from the late-winter season. Management for early-winter habitat will require retention of some commercially significant forest across extensive areas, both near the subalpine forest – subalpine parkland ecotone and lower in the subalpine forest.

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