IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW AND POLICY IN PROTECTING AND MANAGING THE KRUENG PEUSANGAN WATERSHED, ACEH PROVINCE, INDONESIA

The Krueng Peusangan watershed in the Aceh Province, Indonesia, has an important role in the daily life of residents in the surrounding areas. The watershed serves as a supply of clean water, shelter, food sources, and sources of income for hundreds of thousands of people. Forest encroachment activities, mining, plantations, and land conversion have interrupted the watershed balance. These various activities cause threats of loss of forest area, biodiversity extinction, water crisis, flooding, human-animal conflict, and also global warming and food crisis. Therefore, this article analyses the law and policies issued by the Central, Provincial, and Regency/City Governments related to the management of the Krueng Peusangan Watershed and to examine the legal framework needed for watershed protection and management. This type of research is normative legal research using the regulatory, conceptual, and case approaches. The results revealed that the existing legal framework has not fully protected watershed rescue. The policies issued are still partial and have not been integrated on a regional or sectoral basis. This paper suggests that the Government of Aceh and Regency/City Governments to revise several Qanun, i.e., the Mid-Term Development Plan Qanun, the Watershed Management Qanun, Strategic Environmental Assessment Qanun, Qanun of Environmental Protection and Management Plan, and laws and regulations in the environmental, forestry, plantation and mining sectors.

Impact of Lockdown Mediated Anthro-Pause on Man-Animal Conflict

Objective: With the COVID-19 pandemic there was a major lockdown world-wide which halted human activity to a total pause giving rise to a new term never known previously “Anthro-pause”. During this anthro-pause there were various reports of rare animal sighting in urban areas. Some of the reports were true and some was far away from reality thus demand for detail study. Methods/findings: Man-animal conflict has resulted in mammoth destruction and aggravated mass extinction. A careful study of the pandemic driven anthro-pause has given a rare chance to study the impact of human intervention on wild life scientifically with realistic observations and data. This study will help to provide insight to address previously intractable questions like is it the urban structures or humans himself that have impacted the wild life. The learning will pave future understandings on how by minor changes to our lifestyles and transport networks can potentially have significant benefits for both ecosystems, human wildlife coexistence.

ANALISIS TEMUAN PATROLI POLISI HUTAN TERHADAP PERBURUAN SATWA LIAR DI RESORT WAY KANAN, TAMAN NASIONAL WAY KAMBAS

Hunting for wildlife in Way Kambas National Park (WKNP) is one of the leading causes of humans and animal conflict. So far, patrol activities are still considered less than optimal because of the decline in animal populations due to frequent hunting. This study aimed to analyze the findings of forest ranger patrols in protecting wild animals from hunting in WKNP. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews and literature study. The data collected from the literature were then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results showed that during patrol activities, the finding of snares was still very much used by hunters and also found elephants that died due to hunting, although the range of forest rangers every year had increased but the number of personnel who did not match the size of the forest area made some areas not can be protected.

Human Animal Conflict in State of Maharashtra using Data Analytics

Maharashtra, a land rich in its biodiversity, well known for its wildlife. Maharashtra stands 3rd in terms of Human-Animal Conflict behind Uttarakhand and Karnataka. Human–Animal conflict refers to the interaction between wildlife and people leading to a resultant negative impact on people, their resources, wild animals and their habitat. The paper discusses a 2year study(1st Jan-2019 to 1st Jan 2021) carried out on human-animal interactions in Maharashtra -focusing on various factors involved under Human-animal conflict, and its current situations in the state. The Paper further focuses on use of advanced computer technologies, and techniques like Data Analytics & Statistical Analysis to study the actual current situation of Human-Animal Conflict in Maharashtra.

Field Study and Biodiversity at Risyap, Kalimpong District of West Bengal, India

Forest cover in hilly regions is essential to maintain ecological balances. North Bengal estimates approximately 3,086 sq km i.e. 26 % of 11,876 sq km of classified forests in West Bengal and nearly 5,000 sq km (~40 %) of tree cover. Rishyap village (26.84o N, 88.60o E) in the Kalimpong District of West Bengal State, India. The study was done in 2019-2020 in Rishyap Forest Village. Primary data and pictorial documentation were gathered through field survey and direct interactions with local people and other authorities. Surveys on demography, agriculture, biodiversity, human-animal conflict were done. Topographic map of the area was prepared from Google map database. The ecological tools like quadrat method , transect line method, pitfall trap, light trap were used to study diversity, density and abundance of trees, birds and arthropods. The different lifestyles of the people in Rishyap were also noted. Further study is needed to collectively analyse the biodiversity.

Docility Behavioral Development in Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), a Signs of Taming towards Domestication

Nilgai has some unique ecological function and they may be beneficial in many ways. Killing of Nilgai is not a long - term solution to overcome human- animal conflict. A study was conducted to know the docility pattern and behavior of Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in Bihar state, India. Present docility pattern shows that adult females graze with juveniles and dwelling near the human habitation in proximity of in a close distance in anthropogenic environments. It also grazes and share food & fodders with domestic animals like cow, goat, and buffalo in periphery of village areas. Only males possess horns though a few females may be horned as well. Females were less aggressive than males and are of different size and color. Adult males are in blue grey color which reveals sign of territoriality, whereas females color is light in shade which showed evidence of the existence of social hierarchy and increased docility behavior. Females were sitting in group with juveniles in gregarious forms, however, male were found to be scattered. Nilgai migrates in search of food towards cultivated grass, agricultural crops and periphery of the villages areas during dusk and return when less human activity during dawn. Shahabad area Bhojpur, Buxar & Sasaram are characterized by extreme hot and heavy rains. During the unfavorable condition (Rainy and summer season) they: showed seasonal migratory behavior. These behaviors marked in Nilgai may be developing closer social bonds with human being on a way towards domestic relationship. It can be integrated into human society in fevour of co-existence as well as a step towards domestication useful for human in coming future.

African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) as an example of a herbivore making movement choices based on nutritional needs

Background The increasing human population and global intensification of agriculture have had a major impact on the world’s natural ecosystems and caused devastating effects on populations of mega-herbivores such as the African savanna elephants, through habitat reduction and fragmentation and increased human–animal conflict. Animals with vast home ranges are forced into increasingly smaller geographical areas, often restricted by fencing or encroaching anthropogenic activities, resulting in huge pressures on these areas to meet the animals’ resource needs. This can present a nutritional challenge and cause animals to adapt their movement patterns to meet their dietary needs for specific minerals, potentially causing human–animal conflict. The aim of this review is to consolidate understanding of nutritional drivers for animal movement, especially that of African savanna elephants and focus the direction of future research. Peer reviewed literature available was generally geographically specific and studies conducted on isolated populations of individual species. African savanna elephants have the capacity to extensively alter the landscape and have been more greatly studied than other herbivores, making them a good example species to use for this review. Alongside this, their movement choices, potentially linked with nutritional drivers could be applicable to a range of other species. Relevant case study examples of other herbivores moving based on nutritional needs are discussed. Methods Three databases were searched in this review: Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using identified search terms. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined and applied as required. Additional grey literature was reviewed as appropriate. Results Initial searches yielded 1,870 records prior to application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A less detailed review of grey literature, and additional peer-reviewed literature which did not meet the inclusion criteria but was deemed relevant by the authors was also conducted to ensure thorough coverage of the subject. Discussion A review of peer reviewed literature was undertaken to examine nutritional drivers for African elephant movement, exploring documented examples from free-ranging African savanna elephants and, where relevant, other herbivore species. This could help inform prediction or mitigation of human–elephant conflict, potentially when animals move according to nutritional needs, and related drivers for this movement. In addition, appropriate grey literature was included to capture current research.

Epidemiological analysis of 1637 cases of animal bite injuries

Background: This study was conducted prospectively over a period of two years in accident and emergency department of Government Medical College, Srinagar. The main objectives of the study included finding out epidemiological aspects of animal bites, categorising bites and analysing associated injuries.Methods: From April 2009 to April 2011, more than 1800 patients presented to accident emergency department with injuries due to human animal conflict. Out of them, 1673 patients had only bite injuries and were treated on out patient basis were included in the study.Results: Study revealed incidence in males (69.27%) being higher than in females. The age group most commonly involved was 0-10 years and rural population (60.72%) was more affected as compared to urban population. Furthermore, dogs were most common (88.46%) animals to be involved in bites. The commonest bite category was class 2 among all the bites (58.57%) while as type 1 was least common (9.74%). Injury pattern showed that most common site of bite was lower limbs, left leg (56.90%) being more common than the right.Conclusions: We conclude from this study that animal bites usually involve age group of less than 10 years. Males and rural population are more commonly involved. Dog is most common animal involved in such conflicts. We found lower limbs are most common sites involved with left lower limb being more commonly bitten as compared to right.