scholarly journals The Pitfalls of a Tool-based Science and the Promise of a Problem-focused Science

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McKnight ◽  
Michael Johns ◽  
Patrick McGovern ◽  
Julius Najab
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Problem Solve ◽  
And Control ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Data Analytic

Our present social sciences are at risk of losing sight of their primary purpose: the goal of reducing uncertainty. For years social scientists have drifted slowly toward the routine of employing of accepted methodological, conceptual, and analytical tools rather than engaging in problem oriented inquiry. Scientific contributions are reviewed in accordance to their compliance with the routine application of tools rather than focusing on their ability to problem-solve for a wider population. Researchers in every area of psychology for instance now insist on using methods such as random assignment and control groups, as well as data analytic procedures such as null hypothesis significance testing without regard to their relevance. A problem-focused inquiry would not dictate the routine use of any particular tool but rather the judicious application of tools when deemed appropriate. The following article describes  the current situation in the framework contrasting toolbased and problem-focused inquiry and offers several insights that may create a more balanced and fruitful approach to scientific inquiry. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v1i2_mcknight

scholarly journals The Pitfalls of a Tool-based Science and the Promise of a Problem-focused Science

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McKnight ◽  
Michael Johns ◽  
Patrick McGovern ◽  
Julius Najab
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Problem Solve ◽  
And Control ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Data Analytic

Our present social sciences are at risk of losing sight of their primary purpose: the goal of reducing uncertainty. For years social scientists have drifted slowly toward the routine of employing of accepted methodological, conceptual, and analytical tools rather than engaging in problem oriented inquiry. Scientific contributions are reviewed in accordance to their compliance with the routine application of tools rather than focusing on their ability to problem-solve for a wider population. Researchers in every area of psychology for instance now insist on using methods such as random assignment and control groups, as well as data analytic procedures such as null hypothesis significance testing without regard to their relevance. A problem-focused inquiry would not dictate the routine use of any particular tool but rather the judicious application of tools when deemed appropriate. The following article describes  the current situation in the framework contrasting toolbased and problem-focused inquiry and offers several insights that may create a more balanced and fruitful approach to scientific inquiry. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v1i2_mcknight

scholarly journals Relationship between salivary adiponectin, IGF-1, obesity and breast cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Streckfus
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cancer Group ◽  
Igf I ◽  
And Control

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if adiponectin and IGF-1 salivary concentrations are altered in combination with the presence of obesity and breast cancer. The null hypothesis is that there are no significant adiponectin and IGF-1 concentration alterations secondary to the presence of obesity and/or carcinoma of the breast.Methods: There were two groups of test subjects: healthy controls (n = 20) and individuals diagnosed with breast cancer (n = 20). The two cohorts were further stratified into four groups. These included subjects who are healthy and of normal BMI (n = 10); are healthy but have an elevated BMI (n = 10); have breast cancer and a normal BMI (n = 10); and have cancer and an elevated BMI (n = 10). The presence and concentration of adiponectin and IGF-1 was determined using the ELISA methodology.Results: The investigation revealed a significant increase in mean adiponectin levels in subjects with cancer compared to the controls (t = -2.57; p < .01). Individuals that were diagnosed with breast cancer and were obese exhibited the highest concentrations (F = 5.13; p < .005) of adiponectin. Adiponectin concentrations were also found to be correlated to IGF-I levels (r = 0.05; p < .001).Conclusion: Salivary adiponectin levels were significantly higher among cancer group. There were no significant differences between the cancer and control groups for IGF-I levels.

scholarly journals Integrating the social sciences into the COVID-19 response in Alberta, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. e002672
Author(s):  
Myles Leslie ◽  
Raad Fadaak ◽  
Jan Davies ◽  
Johanna Blaak ◽  
PG Forest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Interdisciplinary Team ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Social ◽  
Policy Communication ◽  
And Control

This paper outlines the rapid integration of social scientists into a Canadian province’s COVID-19 response. We describe the motivating theory, deployment and initial outcomes of our team of Organisational Sociologist ethnographers, Human Factors experts and Infection Prevention and Control clinicians focused on understanding and improving Alberta’s responsiveness to the pandemic. Specifically, that interdisciplinary team is working alongside acute and primary care personnel, as well as public health leaders to deliver ‘situated interventions’ that flow from studying communications, interpretations and implementations across responding organisations. Acting in real time, the team is providing critical insights on policy communication and implementation to targeted members of the health system. Using our rapid and ongoing deployment as a case study of social science techniques applied to a pandemic, we describe how other health systems might leverage social science to improve their preparations and communications.

scholarly journals The Effect of Edmodo on Students’ Writing Skill in Recount Text

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adin Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Teaching Writing ◽  
P Value ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Writing Skill ◽  
Ict Tools ◽  
And Control

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>This study investigates the effect of Edmodo on students’ writing skill in recount text. The participants of the study were 9 students of Excellent Class of a Senior High School in Tulungagung, Indonesia. A pre-experimental study was employed as the research design to investigate the effectiveness of Edmodo in recount writing instruction. Following the research design, the students participated as both experimental and control groups. They did pretest at the beginning of this study, received treatment, and did posttest at the end of the study. The finding of the study revealed that the null hypothesis could be rejected. The convention to reject the null hypothesis is that when the p-value of the obtained statistics is less than 0.05. The finding showed that p-value was less than 0.05 (0.006&lt;0.05). Referring to the data, there was enough evidence indicating that the null hypothesis could be rejected, and thus it could be concluded that using Edmodo was effective to teach recount text. This study attempts to contribute to the improvement of teaching writing by maximizing the use of ICT tools. Using Edmodo, both students and teachers can have a safe online environment to conduct more effective and sustainable teaching and learning process. </p>

scholarly journals Shadowing Technique; Teaching Listening Skill to ESOL Learners in University

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
Siti Aisyah Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Listening Skills ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Listening Skill ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of this paper is to report the effect of Shadowing Technique on students’ listening skills achievement. Therefore, the experimental research was applied and the technique on collecting the data was administrating pre- and post- tests to the experiment and control groups, which consisted of 40 students in each group. Then, t-test was employed on analyzing the data. As a result, there was a significant difference between the mean of experimental and control groups (F = 8.92, p=. 003 < .05). Therefore, there was a significant effect of applying shadowing technique on students’ listening skill achievements and the experimental group outperformed the control group. To sum up, the alternative hypothesis was accepted and the null hypothesis was rejected.

Inquiry Teaching in Social Studies and the Social Sciences: A Critical Review of Research Findings 1967–1972

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-283
Author(s):  
Colin J. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Studies ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Inquiry Teaching ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Control ◽  
Research Studies

In this paper, twenty-eight recent research studies on inquiry teaching in social studies and the social sciences are reviewed. Although a number of statistically significant results were claimed by the respective researchers, methodological deficiencies in many of the studies greatly reduce the importance of their efforts. Reference is made to a number of research deficiencies, including unsuitable evaluation instruments, lack of comparability of groups, lack of comparability of tasks and instructors for experimental and control groups and inadequate research designs. Although inquiry teaching has become widely espoused as a teaching method in schools, there are few substantial research studies to support its superiority over other teaching methods.

Diversifying academic communication in anti-racist scholarship: The value of a translingual orientation

Ethnicities ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 146879682110615
Author(s):  
Suresh Canagarajah
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
American Scholar ◽  
Complex Orientation ◽  
Spatiotemporal Scales ◽  
Academic Communication ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Writing Practice ◽  
Theoretical Developments

This article develops a complex orientation to linguistic domination and resistance to demonstrate how academic communication can be diversified to facilitate anti-racist scholarship. While it draws from social sciences which provide complex theories of social structuration, it demonstrates how linguists can offer fine-grained analytical tools to track these processes across diverse scales of space, time, and institutions. The objective of this article is to introduce an orientation to language which goes beyond traditional reductive and overdetermined perspectives to accommodate its generative and resistant potential. It introduces translingual practice as accommodating the theoretical developments discussed, and demonstrates how methods of indexical analyses can help scholars study texts and communication across various spatiotemporal scales in achieving structuration. This approach is applied to the writing practice of African American scholar, Geneva Smitherman, to demonstrate how her anti-racist scholarship renegotiates established structures of academic communication and generates change. While this article will help applied linguists to develop an appreciation of writers and writing in constructing diversified academic communication, it can provide linguistic tools to social scientists for tracing the workings of structuration and change at diverse spatiotemporal and social scales of consideration.

THE EFFECT OF APPLYING MULTISENSORY TEACHING METHOD ON THE STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY ACHIEVEMENT IN READING

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Widya Ulfa ◽  
Masitowarni Siregar ◽  
Johannes Jefria Gultom
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Multiple Choice Tests ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Vocabulary Achievement

This study was conducted as an attempt to find out the effect of applying Multisensory Teaching Method on the students’ vocabulary achievement in reading. This research used the experimental design. The population of this research was the students of SMP Nusa Penida Medan. The Sample of this research was the 2014/2015 seventh grade students of SMP Nusa Penida Medan with the total number 60 of students as sample taken by using random sampling technique. The research was divided into two groups: experimental and control groups. The instrument used to collect the data was multiple choice tests of pre-test and post-test. To obtain the result of the reliability of the test, the Kuder Richardson formula (KR21) was used. The result of the calculation showed that the reliability of the test was high. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula. The result of the analysis showed that tvalue was higher than ttable (5, 87>2, 00) at the level of significance 0, 05 with the degree of freedom (df) 58. Therefore, null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and hypothesis alternative (Ha) is accepted. It means that there is a significant effect of using Multisensory Teaching Method on the students’ achievement in vocabulary in reading. Keyword : Multisensory Teaching Method, Vocabulary Achievement.

THE EFFECT OF THINK PAIR SHARE STRATEGY ON STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairuni Syafitri And Rafika Dewi Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Multiple Choice Tests ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control

This study was conducted as an attempt to find out the effect of Think Pair Share Strategy on students’ reading comprehension achievement. This research used the experimental design. The population of this research was the students of SMP Budisatrya. The Sample of this research was the 2014/2015 seventh grade students of SMP Budisatrya with the total number 40 of students as sample taken by using random sampling technique. The research was divided into two groups: experimental and control groups. The instrument used to collect the data was multiple choice tests of pre-test and post-test. To obtain the result of the reliability of the test, the Kuder Richardson formula (KR21) was used. The result of the calculation showed that the reliability of the test was significant. The data were analyzed by using t-test formula. The result of the analysis showed that t- value was higher than t- table (2.46>2, 021) at the level of significance 0,05 with the degree of freedom (df) 38. Therefore, null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and hypothesis alternative (Ha) is accepted. It means that there is a significant effect of using Think Pair Share Strategy on students’ reading comprehension achievement.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF TEACHING ENGLISH VOCABULARY USING VCD LEARNING TO THE KINDERGARTEN LEVEL IN SMART AND FUN COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH COURSE SAMARINDA

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Ikhwanul Ahsan Faryabi MUJA
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Teaching English ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
English Program ◽  
And Control

The researcher used VCD <em>Learning</em> to help kindergarten level students Smart and Fun Communicative English Program Samarinda on learning English vocabulary. The contents were relevant to the vocabulary for students in kindergarten level of Smart and Fun Samarinda.This study was aimed finding whether there was significance difference between experimental and control groups and whether there was significant difference between post experimental and control groups. It is a kind of experimental research. This study’s design was <em>two group-pretest-treatment-posttest design</em>. The population of this study was 60 students. The researcher took 40 students from two classes as the sample of this study. Then, took other 20 students as try out test respondents. The test was tried out to 20 respondents consisted of 30 items. After being analyzed, its reliability coefficient was 0.462. The experimental group’s mean score on the post-test was 80.17 while on control group was 70.67. After analyzing the two mean scores by using the program of SPSS 16.0, it was found that the difference significance value between the two mean scores t - computed 4.068 was higher than t - table 2.093 with the level of significant 5%. The computation showed that the two groups’ mean scores of significantly differed. Thus, the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the Null Hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. It could be concluded that there was significant difference of English vocabulary achievement among students of kindergarten level of Smart and Fun by using VCD <em>Learning.</em>

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